{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T08:10:10Z","timestamp":1768119010658,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre, Poland","award":["2019\/35\/N\/NZ5\/02420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/35\/N\/NZ5\/02420"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening inflammatory disease of preterm infants, increasingly viewed as a cytokine-driven disorder of the immature intestine. We aimed to characterize local peritoneal concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) in a standardized neonatal rat NEC model and relate them to histopathological injury. Seventy-four SPRD\/Mol\/Lodz rat pups were allocated to a control group (CTRL; n = 12) or subjected to a hypoxia-hypothermia-formula-feeding NEC protocol (NEC; n = 62). After 72 h, small-intestinal samples were scored using a four-tier NEC scale (0\u20133), and peritoneal fluid cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. All CTRL animals exhibited normal histology (grade 0), whereas NEC pups showed a wide spectrum of lesions, with 66.6% classified as grade 2\u20133 and a significantly higher mean NEC score in NEC than CTRL (p &lt; 0.001). Peritoneal IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 concentrations were markedly elevated in NEC versus CTRL animals (both p &lt; 0.001), while IL-6 levels showed no statistically significant between-group difference. These findings indicate that experimental NEC in this model is accompanied by a pronounced local pro-inflammatory response dominated by IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1, whereas IL-6 may follow distinct temporal or compartment-specific kinetics. Peritoneal cytokine profiling may help refine mechanistic understanding and guide future biomarker and immunomodulatory strategies in NEC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T08:09:06Z","timestamp":1767946146000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Local Peritoneal Cytokine Response IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 in a Standardized Neonatal Rat Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1929-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Ciesielski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0550-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Wolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 63a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Fus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 7, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Cudnoch-J\u0119drzejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lin, P.W., and Stoll, B.J. 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