{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:12:30Z","timestamp":1767971550081,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003975","name":"Israel Cancer Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20240106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003975","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate metabolism, proliferation, and genomic stability. Clinical studies have linked levothyroxine therapy with higher Oncotype DX Recurrence Scores in breast cancer (BC), suggesting a potential effect of thyroid hormone signaling on genomic risk. Here, we investigated the impact of triiodothyronine (T3) on DNA damage and repair pathways in estrogen receptor-positive T47D breast cancer and non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells. RNA sequencing revealed significant upregulation of RAD51 and enrichment of DNA repair pathways following 24 h T3 exposure. Consistently, T3 increased \u03b3H2AX and 53BP1 nuclear foci, indicating transient activation of the DNA damage response (DDR). These effects were transient, returning to baseline after 48 h, suggesting cellular adaptation. T3 also enhanced proliferation at 10 \u03bcM but inhibited growth at higher concentrations. Our findings indicate that acute exposure to T3 induces transient genomic stress, providing a potential mechanistic basis for the observed association between thyroid hormone therapy and increased BC recurrence risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T10:35:52Z","timestamp":1767954952000},"page":"668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thyroid Hormone T3 Induces DNA Damage Response in Breast Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sahar","family":"Movshovitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5904-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liat Anabel","family":"Sinberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keren","family":"Trabelsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Bar-on","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Sonnenblick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oncology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7272-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mali","family":"Salmon-Divon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"},{"name":"Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamar","family":"Listovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"},{"name":"Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R19","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-12-0219","article-title":"Thyroid hormone, thyroid hormone receptors, and cancer: A clinical perspective","volume":"20","author":"Moeller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. 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