{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:17:43Z","timestamp":1767968263110,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Platform Project for Supporting Drug Discovery and Life Science Research (Basis for Supporting Innovative Drug Discovery and Life Science Research [BINDS]) from AMED","award":["25ama121010j0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25ama121010j0004"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows","award":["24KJ1755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24KJ1755"]}]},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) under the Programme for Supporting the Formation of Places for Co-creation","award":["JPMJPF2306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPF2306"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP24H00560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24H00560"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP23K18008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K18008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Red sea bream (Pagrus major) aquaculture represents one of the most economically important marine aquaculture industries in Japan and East Asia. However, viral diseases, particularly those caused by red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), pose a serious threat to aquaculture production in this region. In this study, we applied high-hydrostatic-pressure (HHP) refolding technology to develop a recombinant vaccine targeting the RSIV major capsid protein (MCP). The recombinant MCP (RSIV-rMCP) expressed in Escherichia coli was insoluble; however, HHP treatment under alkaline (pH 10) conditions in the presence of arginine successfully solubilised the protein while preserving its structural integrity. The solubilised protein (HHP\u2013RSIV-rMCP) induced strong RSIV-specific IgM responses and enhanced disease resistance in red sea bream. In contrast, sera from fish immunised with a commercial formalin-inactivated vaccine exhibited minimal reactivity to HHP\u2013RSIV-rMCP but reacted significantly to formalin-treated HHP\u2013RSIV-rMCP. These results indicate that the HHP\u2013RSIV-rMCP vaccine induces conformation-specific IgM antibodies and that structural preservation is crucial for maintaining antigenicity. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that HHP refolding technology is an effective strategy for preparing structurally preserved antigens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T11:45:33Z","timestamp":1767959133000},"page":"675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a High-Hydrostatic-Pressure-Treated Recombinant Vaccine Targeting the Major Capsid Protein of Red Sea Bream Iridovirus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yuta","family":"Sawasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteo-Science Center, PIAS, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Harakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 309-4, Sakashizu, Uwajima 798-0087, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin-Ichi","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu 514-8507, Mie, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Terawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteo-Science Center, PIAS, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2146-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangliang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9695-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohdai","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteo-Science Center, PIAS, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hinako","family":"Fujisaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteo-Science Center, PIAS, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzuno","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteo-Science Center, PIAS, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mana","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteo-Science Center, PIAS, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Miyakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomomasa","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Pathology Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Minami-Ise 516-0193, Mie, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Pathology Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Minami-Ise 516-0193, Mie, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuhiko","family":"Ozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Engineering, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Toyama, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Antibody Drug Development, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Toyama, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomokazu","family":"Itano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 309-4, Sakashizu, Uwajima 798-0087, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Sawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteo-Science 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