{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:24:50Z","timestamp":1792448690487,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82003366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82203924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82203924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82130089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82130089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M721265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M721265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic and refractory autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ damage, for which reliably safe and effective treatment remains an unmet need. Autoantibodies, secreted by autoreactive B cells, deposition is the central pathogenesis of organ damage in SLE. Current studies reported B cell receptor and B cell activating factor (BAFF)-mediated signals regulate the activation and survival of B cells and production of autoantibodies. We showed that marginal zone B cells and CD11c+T-bet+ autoreactive B cells expressed higher levels of BAFF receptor and BTK in MRL\/lpr mice. Here, a liposome-delivery system capable of targeting BAFFRhigh autoreactive B cells by conjugating anti-BAFFR antibody on the surface of the PEG-liposomes and loading BTK-inhibitor ibrutinib (BTEL) was rationally designed. Notably, the BTEL nanoparticles could inhibit the survival and activation of B cells, and systemic administration of BTEL could alleviate the development of the lupus mouse model by decreasing the production of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, along with reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines and kidney damage, and without apparent side effects. These findings suggest the potential of BTEL in targeting autoreactive B cells, blocking signaling pathways, and improving the efficacy of BTK inhibitors, providing a promising therapeutic approach for SLE, while also reducing toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T09:13:01Z","timestamp":1768209181000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["BTK-Inhibitor Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles Alleviate Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Targeting Elimination of Autoreactive BAFFRhigh B Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4170-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Research Center for Skin Repair and Theranostics, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Research Center for Skin Repair and Theranostics, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Research Center for Skin Repair and Theranostics, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Research Center for Skin Repair and Theranostics, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, W., Yu, T., and Deng, G.M. 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