{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:12:34Z","timestamp":1779163954401,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004881","name":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FIS\/IMSS\/R-2021-785-057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS\/IMSS\/R-2021-785-057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004881","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006087","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IN210024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN210024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antiretroviral drugs are associated with increased body weight and metabolic disorders. Fat gain and insulin resistance are commonly associated with abdominal obesity in people with HIV (PWH). There is currently an open ongoing discussion about how antiretroviral therapy affects body weight and its significance in hunger\u2013satiety circuit alteration. Until now, the impact of the drug on this circuit has not been explored. This study aimed to assess the hormones involved in appetite and satiety regulation in the serum and hypothalamus after efavirenz (EFV) administration in mice. EFV (10 mg\/kg) and distilled water (1.5 \u03bcL\/kg) (control group) were orally administered for 36 days to CD1 mice. Body weight and food intake were determined throughout treatment. At the end of the treatment, the metabolic profile (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol) was assessed, and leptin, soluble receptor of leptin (sOB-R), and ghrelin were measured in serum; moreover, we evaluated the expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), neuropeptide Y receptor 1 (NPYR1), and leptin in the hypothalamus, and a sucrose preference test (SPT) was conducted. Outcomes showed an increase in serum ghrelin and the expression of GHS-R1a and NPYR1 receptors in the hypothalamus, coinciding with an increase in appetite and preference for sucrose in mice in the EFV group. Furthermore, serum leptin, sOB-R, and the free leptin index (FLI) showed that hunger is not related to a lack of satiety. Despite increased food intake, a reduction in body weight was observed, and triglyceride and cholesterol levels were increased. According to our findings, mice treated with EFV showed a decrease in body weight, despite increased food intake resulting from appetite stimulation, which is caused by specific compounds, hormones, and neural signals acting on the brain\u2019s hunger centres, primarily in the hypothalamus, promoting eating behaviours. However, further studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms of EFV\u2019s effects on energy expenditure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T09:13:01Z","timestamp":1768209181000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efavirenz Interacts with Hormones Involved in Appetite and Satiety, Affecting Body Weight in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1525-8496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Rojas-Osornio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Formaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica Disciplinaria, Academia de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica II, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Manuel-Apolinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional \u201cSiglo XXI\u201d, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6988-791X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minerva","family":"Crespo-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Paredes-Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central, Hospital de Especialidades \u201cDr. Antonio Fraga Mouret\u201d, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional \u201cLa Raza\u201d, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3701-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mata-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital de Infectolog\u00eda del Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional \u201cLa Raza\u201d IMSS, Mexico City 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8155-2680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Molina-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Perif\u00e9rica de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica y Cl\u00ednica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Unidad de Hemato-Oncolog\u00eda e Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1520-4439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"P\u00e9rez de la Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5736-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasiel","family":"Borroto-Escuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Receptomics & Brain Disorders Lab, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina\u2013IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Physical Education and Sport Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0346-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Inmunolog\u00eda e Infectolog\u00eda, del Hospital de Infectolog\u00eda del Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional \u201cLa Raza\u201d IMSS, Mexico City 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8877-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Tesoro-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Inmunolog\u00eda e Infectolog\u00eda, del 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