{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T15:02:02Z","timestamp":1781967722853,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Government of Catalonia","award":["2021-SGR-00900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-SGR-00900"]}]},{"name":"Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies"},{"name":"postdoctoral \u201cJuan de la Cierva\u201d fellowship","award":["JDC2022-048620-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDC2022-048620-I"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CNS2024-154471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS2024-154471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial contamination remains a challenge for multiple facets of modern life. While antibiotics are a primary tool for bacterial control, their overuse has accelerated the appearance of multidrug-resistant bacteria and raises global health concerns. In swine, semen is stored at 17 \u00b0C in extenders that contain antibiotics to prevent bacterial growth. Apart from the potential consequences for the female, the proliferation of bacteria in liquid-stored semen is associated with a decline in sperm quality, ultimately reducing farrowing rates and litter sizes. With the aim of reducing the use of antibiotics while keeping bacterial growth under control, we herein investigated whether metal ions could exert an antimicrobial effect without impairing sperm quality. Separate metal ions (Ag, silver sulfadiazine; Al, aluminum chloride; Zn, zinc chloride; and Cu, and cooper chloride) were added at different concentrations (100 \u03bcM, 300 \u03bcM, 500 \u03bcM, 1 mM, and 10 mM) to seminal doses, which were stored at 17 \u00b0C for 48 h. Motility, viability, and the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were tested to determine their effects on sperm quality maintenance. In addition, ions were added to bacterial strains and to extended seminal samples to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results showed that, although silver sulfadiazine exerted an antimicrobial effect at all the concentrations tested, it also affected sperm quality negatively (p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, aluminum chloride did not impair sperm quality but failed to inhibit bacterial growth at any of the tested concentrations (p &gt; 0.05). Finally, 1 mM concentrations of copper and zinc chloride reduced microbial growth (p &lt; 0.05) without affecting sperm quality. In spite of this, the inhibition of bacterial growth was not complete, thus suggesting that these two ions could contribute to reducing bacterial growth but should be combined with other strategies, such as a lower storage temperature and a decreased concentration of antibiotics. Further research is warranted to address whether copper and zinc chloride could have a synergistic effect when added together.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:17:32Z","timestamp":1768292252000},"page":"773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Addition of Copper Chloride and Zinc Chloride to Liquid-Stored Pig Semen Reduces Bacterial Growth Without Impairing Sperm Quality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Judit","family":"Drago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elia","family":"Bosch-Ru\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasira","family":"Akrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Yeste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Ribas-Maynou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(00)00191-X","article-title":"Artificial selection of rams for sexual performance and its effect on the sexual behavior and fecundity of male and female progeny","volume":"72","author":"Bench","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. 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