{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T02:51:28Z","timestamp":1768359088609,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/41\/N\/NZ7\/03315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/N\/NZ7\/03315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007088","name":"Jagiellonian University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N42\/DBS\/000433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42\/DBS\/000433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lactoperoxidase system (LpoS) is an enzymatic antimicrobial mechanism of saliva that oxidizes (pseudo)halide substrates to reactive compounds capable of limiting microbial growth. This study evaluated how different LpoS variants\u2014utilizing iodide (LpoS-I\u2212), thiocyanate (LpoS-SCN\u2212), selenocyanate (LpoS-SeCN\u2212), and a thiocyanate\u2013iodide mixture (LpoS-SCN\u2212 + I\u2212)\u2014affect virulence, metabolism, and biofilm structure in Streptococcus mutans. Using qRT-PCR, pyruvate assays, MTT reduction, and confocal microscopy, we found that LpoS-I\u2212 most effectively reduced atpD and ldh expression, impaired acid tolerance, and decreased lactate and pyruvate production. LpoS-SCN\u2212 and LpoS-SeCN\u2212 also downregulated atpD and gtfB, although LpoS-SeCN\u2212 upregulated ldh. Despite minimal structural biofilm disruption, LpoS-I\u2212 markedly inhibited intracellular and extracellular pyruvate accumulation, suggesting altered glycolytic flux. These findings indicate that iodide-based LPO systems modulate key metabolic and regulatory pathways in S. mutans and may hold potential for inclusion in anticaries oral formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T18:40:09Z","timestamp":1768329609000},"page":"799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Modified Lactoperoxidase Systems on Glycolytic Metabolism and Virulence Factors in Streptococcus mutans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7677-8562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin Rafa\u0142","family":"Magacz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7871-9347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Skalniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Development of Therapies of Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawi\u0144ska 8, 31-066 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9072-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Mamica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Pepasi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Osyczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6669-0142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Tylko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wirginia","family":"Krzy\u015bciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magacz, M., Alatorre-Santamar\u00eda, S., K\u0119dziora, K., Klasa, K., Mamica, P., Pepasi\u0144ska, W., Lebiecka, M., Ko\u015bcielniak, D., Pamu\u0142a, E., and Krzy\u015bciak, W. 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