{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:46:13Z","timestamp":1789051573460,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23485436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23485436"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>P-cresol, indole and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are catabolites of amino acids, formed by the gut microbiome. Most of these aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives are excreted by the colon before reentering the body to form \u201cexogenous\u201d protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), which aggravate chronic kidney disease (CKD). Removal efficiencies of these PBUT precursors from model phosphate-buffered saline solutions by three different surface-modified nanoporous carbon adsorbents (PCs) were studied. PCs were produced by physicochemical and\/or acid base activation of carbonized rice husk waste. Removal rates achieved values of 32\u201396% within a 3 h contact time. High micro\/mesoporosity and surface chemistry of the N- and P-doped biochars were established by N2 adsorption studies, SEM\/EDS analysis, XPS and FT-IR-spectroscopy. The ammoxidized PC-N1 had the highest adsorption capacity (1.97 mmol\/g for IAA, 2.43 mmol\/g for p-cresol and 2.42 mmol\/g for indole), followed by \u201curea-nitrified\u201d PC-N2, whilst the phosphorylated PC-P demonstrated the lowest adsorption capacity for these solutes. These results do not correlate with the total pore volume values for PC-N2 (0.91 cm3\/g) &lt; PC-P (1.56 cm3\/g) &lt; PC-N1 (1.84 cm3\/g), suggesting that other parameters such as the micropore volume (PC-N1 &gt; PC-N2 &gt; PC-P) and the interaction of surface chemical functional groups with the solutes play key roles in the adsorption mechanism. N-doped PC-N1 and PC-N2 have basic functional groups with higher affinity with acidic IAA and p-cresol. The ion-exchange mechanism of phenolic and indolic compound chemisorption by nanoporous carbon adsorbents, modified with surface N- and P-containing functional groups, has been proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T18:40:09Z","timestamp":1768329609000},"page":"804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of Phenolic and Indolic Compounds Removal from Aqueous Media Using Lignocellulose-Derived Surface-Modified Nanoporous Carbon Adsorbents: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jakpar","family":"Jandosov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6325-9982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Chenchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alzhan","family":"Baimenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, 122\/22, Baitursynov St., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Laboratory of EPR spectroscopy, Institute of Physics and Technology, 11, Ibragimov St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0303-0817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin","family":"Silvestre-Albero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5823-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica (DQ), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9705-7438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seitkhan","family":"Azat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev 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Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9033-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Busquets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteromed Ltd., 85 Great Portland St., London W1W 7LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5987-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Mikhalovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANAMAD Ltd., Sussex Innovation Centre, Science Park Square, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB, UK"},{"name":"Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, 17, General Naumov St., 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulkhair","family":"Mansurov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085283","article-title":"Gut Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"101","author":"Wing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. 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