{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:47:25Z","timestamp":1790599645031,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":450,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by the grant of the state program of the \u00abSirius\u00bb Federal Territory \u00abScientific and technological development of the \u00abSirius\u00bb Federal Territory\u00bb","award":["Agreement No. 18-03 on 10 September 2024)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agreement No. 18-03 on 10 September 2024)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a challenging hematologic malignancy characterized by clonal plasma cell proliferation, often leading to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in chemotherapy and CAR-T therapies, MM remains incurable due to tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and microenvironment remodeling\u2014exacerbated by toxicities like cytokine release syndrome and myelosuppression. This urgent unmet need demands innovative strategies. In this review, we assess cutting-edge RNA-based therapeutics for MM modulation, drawing on preclinical and clinical evidence on modalities including mRNA vaccines, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and microRNA (miRNA) mimics\/inhibitors. We further explore RNA-engineered cell therapies, such as transient CAR-T platforms and lipid nanoparticle-delivered systems targeting the bone marrow niche. By integrating these insights, we underscore RNA technologies\u2019 transformative potential to achieve durable remissions, overcome resistance, and reduce costs\u2014paving the way for personalized, safer treatments in refractory MM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:47:37Z","timestamp":1768405657000},"page":"843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["RNA-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Multiple Myeloma: From Molecular Targets to Delivery and Clinical Translation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9903-9495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksim V.","family":"Baranov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Shalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Tsvetkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Streltsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-1099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Ovcharenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Austin, TX 78748, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9573-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliy","family":"Reshetnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27422","article-title":"Multiple Myeloma: 2024 Update on Diagnosis, Risk-Stratification, and Management","volume":"99","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65590-4","article-title":"Multiple Myeloma Incidence and Mortality Trends in the United States, 1999\u20132020","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae321","article-title":"The Global Multiple Myeloma Incidence and Mortality Burden in 2022 and Predictions for 2045","volume":"117","author":"Mafra","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.H.-T., Tariq, M.J., Ullah, F., Sannareddy, A., Khalid, F., Abbas, H., Bader, A., Samaras, C., Valent, J., and Khouri, J. (2024). Current Novel Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in Multiple Myeloma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116192"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2301377","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202301377","article-title":"Delivery of Therapeutic RNA to the Bone Marrow in Multiple Myeloma Using CD38-Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Wang, W., Wang, M., Deng, J., Sun, C., Hu, Y., and Luo, S. (2024). Different Evasion Strategies in Multiple Myeloma. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1346211"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Moscvin, M., and Bianchi, G. (2020). Exosomes in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma in the Context of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.608815"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, M., Paruzzo, L., Minehart, J., Nabar, N., Noll, J.H., Luo, T., Garfall, A., and Zanwar, S. (2025). Extramedullary Multiple Myeloma: Challenges and Opportunities. Curr. Oncol., 32.","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32030182"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01623-5","article-title":"Epigenetic Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Mehra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03382-y","article-title":"The de Novo DNA Methyltransferase 3B Is a Novel Epigenetic Regulator of MYC in Multiple Myeloma, Representing a Promising Therapeutic Target to Counter Relapse","volume":"44","author":"Muylaert","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02196-0","article-title":"Genomic Landscape of Multiple Myeloma and Its Precursor Conditions","volume":"57","author":"Alberge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-025-06241-0","article-title":"Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals the Mechanisms of Multiple Myeloma Progression: Clarity or Confusion?","volume":"104","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35426","article-title":"Epigenetic Reprogramming in Multiple Myeloma-Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"158","author":"Kumar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2023.5517","article-title":"Long Non-coding RNAs in Multiple Myeloma (Review)","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2020.1839701","article-title":"Depletion of Circ_0007841 Inhibits Multiple Myeloma Development and BTZ Resistance via miR-129-5p\/JAG1 Axis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2024.104709","article-title":"The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Multiple Myeloma-Associated Circular RNAs","volume":"144","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, N.H., Mussa, A., Al-Khreisat, M.J., Mohamed Yusoff, S., Husin, A., Al-Jamal, H.A.N., Johan, M.F., and Islam, M.A. (2023). Dysregulation of Non-Coding RNAs: Roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Myeloma. Non-Coding RNA, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna9060068"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhang, J., Ren, H., Chen, L., Ren, J., Liu, C., Wu, H., and Zhou, L. (2025). Lipid Metabolism in Multiple Myeloma: Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Opportunities, and Future Directions. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1531928"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02195-x","article-title":"Role of M2 Macrophage-Derived Exosomes in Cancer Drug Resistance via Noncoding RNAs","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., Jiang, N., Li, X., Lin, C., Wang, F., Zhang, J., Chen, L., and Li, D. (2024). Exosomal lncRNAs as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Myeloma. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1522491"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Zhao, Z., Lin, Z., Fan, L., Xiahou, Z., Dong, Y., and Bao, W. (2025). Decoding Multiple Myeloma: Single-Cell Insights into Tumor Heterogeneity, Immune Dynamics, and Disease Progression. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1584350"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Gao, W., Wang, S., Li, Q., and Xu, S. (2025). Global, Regional, and National Burden of Multiple Myeloma from 1990 to 2021 and Projections for 2040: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study. Front. Epidemiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2025.1568688"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19535","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.e19535","article-title":"Global Burden of Multiple Myeloma: Analysis from 1980 to 2021","volume":"43","author":"Yeung","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Li, J., Yu, J., Zhang, J., and Guo, J. (2025). Global Burden and Trends of Multiple Myeloma Attributable to High Body Mass Index: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study with Projections to 2040. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24141-w"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute SEER Program (2025, July 15). Cancer Stat Facts: Myeloma, Available online: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/mulmy.html."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2025). Cancer Facts & Figures 2025, American Cancer Society."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00961-0","article-title":"Addressing the Disparities: The Approach to the African American Patient with Multiple Myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Bhutani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2023.08.008","article-title":"Disparities in Multiple Myeloma Treatment Patterns in the United States: A Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Gasoyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19547","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.e19547","article-title":"Beyond the Numbers: Dissecting Racial and Gender Disparities in Myeloma Mortality","volume":"43","author":"Kenmoe","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2023.09.009","article-title":"Overall Survival in Patients With Multiple Myeloma in the U.S.: A Systematic Literature Review of Racial Disparities","volume":"24","author":"Mikhael","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00588-z","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Based on a Global Data Network","volume":"11","author":"Alonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-023-01920-1","article-title":"Management of Patients with Multiple Myeloma and COVID-19 in the Post Pandemic Era: A Consensus Paper from the European Myeloma Network (EMN)","volume":"37","author":"Terpos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"100342","article-title":"Long Follow-up of Symptomatic Multiple Myeloma Patients after Covid-19 Vaccination (BNT162b2): A Single-Institution Retrospective Experience","volume":"18","author":"Giuseppe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leuk. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2137575","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.37575","article-title":"Risks of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection and Hospitalization in Fully Vaccinated Patients With Multiple Myeloma","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19539","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.e19539","article-title":"Exploring Nationwide Trends in Multiple Myeloma (MM), Autologous Stem Cell Transplants (ASCTs), Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell (CAR-T) Therapy and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hospitalizations from 2017 to 2021","volume":"43","author":"Atodaria","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-024-00603-5","article-title":"Patients with Multiple Myeloma Infected with COVID-19 during Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Marcacci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Agent Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-210377","article-title":"Initial Results from the ASH Research Collaborative\u2019s COVID-19 Outcomes in Myeloma and the Impact of Vaccines (COSMIC): A Decentralized, Real-World Evidence Study for Patients with Multiple Myeloma to Monitor Outcomes Related to COVID-19 Vaccines and Infections","volume":"144","author":"Usmani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-203892","article-title":"Feasibility and Implementation of the ASH Research Collaborative\u2019s COVID-19 Outcomes in Myeloma and the Impact of Vaccines (COSMIC): A Decentralized, Real-World Evidence Study for Patients with Multiple Myeloma to Monitor Outcomes Related to COVID-19 Vaccines and Infections","volume":"144","author":"Wood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2025.0023","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines\u00ae Insights: Multiple Myeloma, Version 1.2025","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7503","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.7503","article-title":"Randomized, Multi-Center Study of Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone (KRd) with or without Daratumumab (D) in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (NDMM): The ADVANCE Clinical Trial","volume":"43","author":"Landgren","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312054","article-title":"Daratumumab, Bortezomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"390","author":"Sonneveld","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7501","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.7501","article-title":"Subcutaneous Daratumumab (Dara) + Bortezomib\/Lenalidomide\/Dexamethasone (VRd) with Dara + Lenalidomide (DR) Maintenance in Transplant-Eligible (TE) Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (NDMM): Analysis of Sustained Minimal Residual Disease Negativity in the Phase 3 PERSEUS Trial","volume":"43","author":"Moreau","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-24-0354","article-title":"Real-World Experience with Teclistamab for Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma from the US Myeloma Immunotherapy Consortium","volume":"6","author":"Razzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.01008","article-title":"Linvoseltamab for Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Bumma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mian, H., Baljevic, M., Magen, H., Gatt, M.E., Avivi Mazza, I., Searle, E., Lichtman, E.I., McKay, J.T., Plesner, T., and Rodriguez, C. (2024). A Phase 1b Study of Step-up Dosing with ABBV-383, a B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) x CD3 Bispecific Antibody, in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood, 144.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-206912"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-205083","article-title":"ABBV-383 Plus Daratumumab-Dexamethasone in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Phase 1b Dose-Escalation and Safety Expansion Study","volume":"144","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-199542","article-title":"Cevostamab in Patients with Heavily Pretreated Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Updated Results from an Ongoing Phase I Study Demonstrate Clinically Meaningful Activity and Manageable Safety and Inform the Doses and Regimen for Combination Studies","volume":"144","author":"Richter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025987","article-title":"Forimtamig, a Novel GPRC5D-Targeting T-Cell Bispecific Antibody with a 2+1 Format, for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"145","author":"Eckmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S366","DOI":"10.1016\/S2152-2650(25)04010-8","article-title":"Phase 2 Study of Cevostamab Consolidation Following BCMA CAR T Cell Therapy: Preliminary Safety and Efficacy Data from the \u201cSTEM\u201d (Sequential T Cell-Engagement for Myeloma) Trial","volume":"25","author":"Cohen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.7505","article-title":"First-in-Human Study of JNJ-79635322 (JNJ-5322), a Novel, next-Generation Trispecific Antibody (TsAb), in Patients (Pts) with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Initial Phase 1 Results","volume":"43","author":"Vega","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01191-8","article-title":"CAR-T Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: Current Status and Future Challenges","volume":"14","author":"Swan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-203279","article-title":"BMS-986393, a G Protein-Coupled Receptor Class C Group 5 Member D (GPRC5D)-Targeted CAR T Cell Therapy, in Patients (Pts) with Relapsed\/Refractory (RR) Multiple Myeloma (MM) and 1-3 Prior Regimens: Updated Phase 1 Safety and Efficacy Results","volume":"144","author":"Bal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7511","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.7511","article-title":"OriCAR-017, a Novel GPRC5D-Targeting CAR-T, in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Long Term Follow-up Results of Phase 1 Study (POLARIS)","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7053","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-198229","article-title":"Vaccinating Against Mutated RAS in Multiple Myeloma: The Phase I\/II TG01\/QS-21 Study","volume":"144","author":"Norseth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Norseth, H.M.L., Monsen, H., Remen, N., Inderberg, E.M., V\u00e5lerhaugen, H., Bergly, L.H., Einertsen, E., Lys\u00e9n, A., Abrahamsen, I., and Schjesvold, F. (2025, January 12\u201315). The Phase I\/II TG01-Study\u2014Vaccinating Against RAS-Mutated Multiple Myeloma. Proceedings of the EHA2025 Congress, Milan, Italy. Abstract PS1744."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Du, J., He, H., Jin, L., Fan, X., Qiang, W., Guo, P., Lu, J., He, L., Rajakumaraswamy, N., and Luo, Y. (2025, January 12\u201315). A Phase I Study of GPRC5D Targeting CAR T-Cell Therapy CT071 For High-Risk Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma. Proceedings of the EHA2025 Congress, Milan, Italy. Abstract PF1164."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Mateos, M.-V., Ye, J.C., Atrash, S., Magen, H., Quach, H., Chu, M.P., Trudel, S., Richter, J., and Rodr\u00edguez-Otero, P. (2025, January 17\u201320). Phase 2 Study of Talquetamab + Teclistamab in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma and Extramedullary Disease: Redirectt-1. Presented at the SZ Usmani at the 22nd International Myeloma Society (IMS) Annual Meeting & Exposition, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213614","article-title":"Ide-Cel or Standard Regimens in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"388","author":"Ailawadhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4464","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29070355","article-title":"Clinical Management of Triple-Class Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Review of Current Strategies and Emerging Therapies","volume":"29","author":"Stalker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023023557","article-title":"Antigen Escape as a Shared Mechanism of Resistance to BCMA-Directed Therapies in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"144","author":"Firestone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00246-2","article-title":"\u03b3-Secretase Inhibitor in Combination with BCMA Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy for Individuals with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Phase 1, First-in-Human Trial","volume":"24","author":"Cowan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024026622","article-title":"Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of GPRC5D Loss after Anti-GPRC5D CAR T-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"146","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00643-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of Resistance to CAR-T Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: Latest Updates from the 2024 ASH Annual Meeting","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mor\u00e8, S., Corvatta, L., Manieri, V.M., Morsia, E., Poloni, A., and Offidani, M. (2023). Novel Immunotherapies and Combinations: The Future Landscape of Multiple Myeloma Treatment. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16111628"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines and Recommendations for The CD38 Monoclonal Antibody-Based Quadruplet Therapy and Management in Clinical Practice for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: From the Pan-Pacific Multiple Myeloma Working Group","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Hematol. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Hartley-Brown, M. (2025, December 05). Optimizing Clinical Outcomes and Value-Based Management in Multiple Myeloma\u2014The Role of Isatuximab. Oncology Practice Management (Special Issue). Available online: https:\/\/www.valuebasedcancer.com\/special-issues\/optimizing-clinical-outcomes-in-multiple-myeloma-the-role-of-isatuximab\/use-of-isatuximab-as-early-therapy-in-patients-with-multiple-myeloma."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oyae219","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae219","article-title":"Evaluating Early Intervention in Smoldering Myeloma Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Kakkilaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023009658","article-title":"Is Aggressive Treatment of Smoldering Myeloma the Path to Curing Myeloma?","volume":"7","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2023.12.001","article-title":"Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: Observation Versus Control Versus Cure","volume":"38","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematol.\/Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"573","article-title":"The Genetic and Molecular Drivers of Multiple Myeloma: Current Insights, Clinical Implications, and the Path Forward","volume":"17","author":"Ram","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13766","article-title":"Highly Expressed Genes in Multiple Myeloma Cells\u2014What Can They Tell Us about the Disease?","volume":"109","author":"Elsaadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haertle, L., Cuenda, N.B., Villena Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., D\u00edaz, I.E., del Campo, P.L., Rosa-Rosa, J.M., Alonso Fernandez, R.A., Lopez Mu\u00f1oz, M.N., S\u00e1nchez-Pina, J.M., and Garc\u00eda-Ortiz, A. (2025). Multi-Omic Profiling Reveals Epigenetic Drivers of Immunotherapy Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.15.25325788"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"271","article-title":"Cancer Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"5","author":"Uckun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Tejedor, A., Lorenzo-Mohamed, M., Puig, N., Garc\u00eda-Sanz, R., Mateos, M.-V., Garayoa, M., and Pa\u00edno, T. (2021). Immune System Alterations in Multiple Myeloma: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies to Reverse Immunosuppression. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061353"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1","article-title":"T-Cell Engagers In Multiple Myeloma: A Clinical Review","volume":"15","author":"Alouch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Lymphat. Cancer: Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannotta, C., Autino, F., and Massaia, M. (2022). The Immune Suppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma: The Contribution of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1102471"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, B., Liu, R., Gao, G., Lin, Z., and He, A. (2024). Mechanisms and Salvage Treatments in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Relapsed Post-BCMA CAR-T Cell Therapy. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1433774"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003857","article-title":"Microenvironment Immune Reconstitution Patterns Correlate with Outcomes after Autologous Transplant in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"5","author":"Parmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01629-3","article-title":"A Single-Cell Transcriptomic Map of the Murine and Human Multiple Myeloma Immune Microenvironment across Disease Stages","volume":"17","author":"Verheye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01172-x","article-title":"Multi-Omics Reveal Immune Microenvironment Alterations in Multiple Myeloma and Its Precursor Stages","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergiers, I., K\u00f6se, M.C., Skerget, S., Malfait, M., Fourneau, N., Ellis, J.-C., Vanhoof, G., Smets, T., Verbist, B., and De Maeyer, D. (2025). Immunophenotypic Changes in the Tumor and Tumor Microenvironment during Progression to Multiple Myeloma. PLoS Genet., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011848"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00188-w","article-title":"Multiple Myeloma: Signaling Pathways and Targeted Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70028-6","article-title":"Weekly Bortezomib in Combination with Temsirolimus in Relapsed or Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Multicentre, Phase 1\/2, Open-Label, Dose-Escalation Study","volume":"12","author":"Ghobrial","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2018-000780","article-title":"Everolimus Shows Synergistic Antimyeloma Effects with Bortezomib via the AKT\/mTOR Pathway","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-03-559963","article-title":"The Novel AKT Inhibitor Afuresertib Shows Favorable Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Activity in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"124","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11368","article-title":"Resibufogenin Inhibits the Malignant Characteristics of Multiple Myeloma Cells by Blocking the PI3K\/Akt Signaling Pathway","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024024869","article-title":"RASping Myeloma Genomics","volume":"144","author":"Paiva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14293","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.6103","article-title":"Plasma Cell Myeloma with RAS\/BRAF Mutations Is Frequently Associated with a Complex Karyotype, Advanced Stage Disease, and Poorer Prognosis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022017789","article-title":"A Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Combined BRAF\/MEK Inhibition for BRAFV600E-Mutated Multiple Myeloma","volume":"141","author":"Giesen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023022295","article-title":"RAS\/RAF Landscape in Monoclonal Plasma Cell Conditions","volume":"144","author":"Schavgoulidze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.28547","article-title":"Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of the Janus Kinase Inhibitor Ruxolitinib in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Tadevosyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3772","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-3470","article-title":"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study of Siltuximab in High-Risk Smoldering Multiple Myeloma","volume":"25","author":"Brighton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-025-01312-x","article-title":"Observation or Treatment for Smoldering Multiple Myeloma? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies","volume":"15","author":"Filippatos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560679","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2560679","article-title":"Efficacy and Toxicity of Treatment of Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Quan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ubanako, P., Mirza, S., Ruff, P., and Penny, C. (2024). Exosome-Mediated Delivery of siRNA Molecules in Cancer Therapy: Triumphs and Challenges. Front. Mol. Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1447953"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2023.101765","article-title":"PPFIBP1 Activates NF-\u03baB Signaling to Enhance Chemoresistance of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"37","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Sun, Y., Liu, X., Kumar, S.K., Jin, F., and Dai, Y. (2022). Dual-Targeted Therapy Circumvents Non-Genetic Drug Resistance to Targeted Therapy. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.859455"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-23-960","article-title":"Novel Cuproptosis-Related lncRNAs Can Predict the Prognosis of Patients with Multiple Myeloma","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01491-0","article-title":"lncRNAs as Prognostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets in Cuproptosis-Mediated Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Bhat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-023-00770-7","article-title":"Cuproptosis-Related Gene Signature Contributes to Prognostic Prediction and Immunosuppression in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"e70216","article-title":"MAMDC2-AS1 Induces Cuproptosis in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"e70151","article-title":"Exploration of the Prognostic Markers of Multiple Myeloma Based on Cuproptosis-Related Genes","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249217","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2023.2249217","article-title":"Identification and Study of Cuproptosis-Related Genes in Prognostic Model of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2020.101143","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma: Current and Emerging Targets and Mechanisms of Action","volume":"33","author":"Wudhikarn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4050","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-2817","article-title":"Combination Therapy with Lenalidomide plus Dexamethasone (Rev\/Dex) for Newly Diagnosed Myeloma","volume":"106","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-015909","article-title":"A Randomized Phase 2 Study of Lenalidomide Therapy for Patients with Relapsed or Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"108","author":"Richardson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, F., Dalla Palma, B., and Giuliani, N. (2019). CD38 Expression by Myeloma Cells and Its Role in the Context of Bone Marrow Microenvironment: Modulation by Therapeutic Agents. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121632"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7891","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30090573","article-title":"SLAMF7 as a Promising Immunotherapeutic Target in Multiple Myeloma Treatments","volume":"30","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15504","article-title":"Efficacy of Retreatment with Immunomodulatory Drugs and Proteasome Inhibitors Following Daratumumab Monotherapy in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients","volume":"183","author":"Oostvogels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"245","article-title":"Elotuzumab plus Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone in Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Real-World Experience with 200 Cases Outside of Controlled Clinical Trials","volume":"109","author":"Gentile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02654-y","article-title":"Current Risk Stratification and Staging of Multiple Myeloma and Related Clonal Plasma Cell Disorders","volume":"39","author":"Zanwar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"2049","article-title":"Role of Minimal Residual Disease Assessment in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"109","author":"Szalat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (2020). Building to the Pinnacle of Precision Medicine: Translating the MMRF CoMMpassSM Study into Actionable Insights and Clinical Trials, Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024023841","article-title":"New Prognostic Systems for Multiple Myeloma in the Context of Contemporary Therapies","volume":"146","author":"Spencer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-025-01503-y","article-title":"Utilizing Genomics to Identify Novel Immunotherapeutic Targets in Multiple Myeloma High-Risk Subgroups","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franssen, L.E., Stege, C.A.M., Zweegman, S., van de Donk, N.W.C.J., and Nijhof, I.S. (2020). Resistance Mechanisms Towards CD38-Directed Antibody Therapy in Multiple Myeloma. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041195"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025027","DOI":"10.4084\/MJHID.2025.027","article-title":"Novelties on Multiple Myeloma from the Main 2024 Hematology Conferences","volume":"17","author":"Corvatta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00643-3","article-title":"Extramedullary Disease in Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Beksac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, X., Wu, Y., Yao, X., Du, B., and Du, X. (2024). Case Report: Dual-Targeted BCMA and CS1 CAR-T-Cell Immunotherapy in Recurrent and Refractory Extramedullary Multiple Myeloma. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1422478"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02491-5","article-title":"Mechanisms of Antigen Escape from BCMA- or GPRC5D-Targeted Immunotherapies in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"1184","article-title":"CAR T-Cell Therapy for Multiple Myeloma: A Clinical Practice-Oriented Review","volume":"114","author":"Sadek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2020.266841","article-title":"BCMA Loss in the Epoch of Novel Immunotherapy for Multiple Myeloma: From Biology to Clinical Practice","volume":"108","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-01001-1","article-title":"Safety and Clinical Efficacy of BCMA CAR-T-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Roex","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02334-6","article-title":"Strategies to Overcome Tumour Relapse Caused by Antigen Escape after CAR T Therapy","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2025.101632","article-title":"Research Progress of Targeted BCMA CAR-T Therapy for Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Antigen-Negative Relapse","volume":"38","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5794","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-198117","article-title":"Epigenetic Modifications As a Mechanism of Resistance to BCMA-Directed Immunotherapies in Multiple Myeloma: Insights from Multi-Omic Profiling","volume":"144","author":"Haertle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.001","article-title":"Myeloma Cell-Intrinsic ANXA1 Elevation and T Cell Dysfunction Contribute to BCMA-Negative Relapse after CAR-T Therapy","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Li, Y. (2025, January 5\u20138). Novel Long Non-Coding RNA Interactions with EZH2 as a New Strategy to Mitigate Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Proceedings of the FASEB Science Research Conference, Sacramento, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-25-0328","article-title":"Acquired and Selected: Tracking Antigen Escape during T Cell-Redirecting Therapies in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"6","author":"Kauer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.17925\/OHR.2022.18.1.59","article-title":"Novel Therapies in BCMA-Exposed Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: The Anti-BCMA Therapy-Refractory Patient","volume":"18","author":"Golden","year":"2022","journal-title":"touchREVIEWS Oncol. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2025016712","article-title":"Sequential BCMA CAR T-Cell Therapy in Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Richardson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, L., Xiao, X., Jing, X., Zheng, Y., Sun, X., Bai, W., Li, M., Luo, M., and Xiao, Y. (2025). Case Report: Summary of Multiple CAR-T Expansions in Anti-BCMA\/GPRC5D Bispecific CAR-T Cell Therapy for Multiple Myeloma. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1607778"},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Johnson & Johnson (2025, December 11). Early Results from Johnson & Johnson\u2019s Trispecific Antibody Show Promising Response in Heavily Pretreated Multiple Myeloma Patients. Available online: https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/early-results-from-johnson--johnsons-trispecific-antibody-show-promising-response-in-heavily-pretreated-multiple-myeloma-patients-302471267.html."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-182345","article-title":"Results from the Completed Dose Escalation Portion of the Phase 1 Study of HPN217, a Half-Life Extended Tri-Specific T Cell Activating Construct (TriTAC\u00ae) Targeting B Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) for Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (MM)","volume":"142","author":"Madan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schjesvold, F., Jelinek, T., Polgarova, K., Pour, L., Yoon, S.-S., Kim, W.S., Foss\u00e5, A., San-Miguel, J.F., Canales, M., and Rodr\u00edguez-Otero, P. (2024). First-in-Human Phase 1 Study of SAR442257 in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Blood, 144.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-204614"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.70116","article-title":"Emerging Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Class C Group 5 Member D-Directed Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma: Advances, Resistance and Combination Strategies","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025028865","article-title":"Silence of the Myeloma Clones: GPRC5D Epigenetic Regulation","volume":"146","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-203585","article-title":"Safety and Tolerability of BCMA-Directed mRNA CAR T-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma and Autoimmune Disease","volume":"144","author":"Miljkovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-024-00750-2","article-title":"CAR T Therapies in Multiple Myeloma: Unleashing the Future","volume":"31","author":"Sheykhhasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-24-1313","article-title":"Bicistronic CAR T Cell against BCMA and CD229 Effectively Controls Myeloma Even When BCMA Expression Is Limited","volume":"13","author":"Battram","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Armstrong, M. (ApexOnco-OncologyPipeline, 2025). A Mystery Moderna Asset Hits the Clinic, ApexOnco-OncologyPipeline."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-207674","article-title":"Preclinical Proof-of-Concept of an mRNA-Based T Cell Engager Targeting BCMA, FcRH5, and GPRC5D for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"144","author":"Garnaas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagorac, I., Ram\u00edrez-Fern\u00e1ndez, \u00c1., Tapia-Galisteo, A., Rubio-P\u00e9rez, L., G\u00f3mez-Rosel, M., Grau, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Peralto, J.L., \u00c1lvarez-Vallina, L., and Blanco, B. (2025). mRNA-Engineered T Lymphocytes Secreting Bispecific T Cell Engagers with Therapeutic Potential in Solid Tumors. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1684655"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hangiu, O., Navarro, R., Frago, S., Rubio-P\u00e9rez, L., Tapia-Galisteo, A., D\u00edez-Alonso, L., G\u00f3mez-Rosel, M., Silva-Pilipich, N., Vanrell, L., and Smerdou, C. (2025). Effective Cancer Immunotherapy Combining mRNA-Encoded Bispecific Antibodies That Induce Polyclonal T Cell Engagement and PD-L1-Dependent 4-1BB Costimulation. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1494206"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2025.189493","article-title":"mRNA Cancer Vaccine: A Novel and Potential Immunotherapy for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"1880","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025028597","article-title":"A BCMA-mRNA Vaccine Is a Promising Therapeutic for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"146","author":"Dutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025030552","article-title":"Breaking T-Cell Tolerance to Fight Multiple Myeloma","volume":"146","author":"Luu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-023-01983-0","article-title":"EZH2 Targeting Induces CD38 Upregulation and Response to Anti-CD38 Immunotherapies in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"37","author":"Chemlal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S534784","article-title":"T Cells Dysfunction in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"ImmunoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025655","article-title":"Hallmarks of T-Cell Exhaustion and Antigen Experience Are Absent in Multiple Myeloma from Diagnosis to Maintenance Therapy","volume":"145","author":"Shasha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02766-5","article-title":"The Endogenous T Cell Landscape Is Reshaped by CAR-T Cell Therapy and Predicts Treatment Response in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"39","author":"Frede","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115691","article-title":"Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy, Proliferative Capacity, and Alleviation of T Cell Exhaustion by Fifth-Generation Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Targeting B Cell Maturation Antigen in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"168","author":"Yuti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Akhtar, O.S., and Mohan, M. (ASCO Daily News, 2025). Sequencing Bispecific Antibodies and CAR T-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma, ASCO Daily News."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-024-02392-8","article-title":"Highlighting the Role of Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) in Multiple Myeloma (MM) Pathogenesis and Response to Therapy","volume":"41","author":"Jasim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-024-01064-3","article-title":"Identification and Evaluation of a Six-lncRNA Prognostic Signature for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14814","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7442","article-title":"Distinct lncRNA Transcriptional Fingerprints Characterize Progressive Stages of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"7","author":"Ronchetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.1920325","article-title":"MicroRNA miR-188-5p as a Mediator of Long Non-Coding RNA MALAT1 Regulates Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017008847","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inducible KDM3A Addiction in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"2","author":"Ikeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14882","article-title":"Long Non-Coding RNA MALAT1 Is an Inducible Stress Response Gene Associated with Extramedullary Spread and Poor Prognosis of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"179","author":"Handa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15078","article-title":"FAM46C Controls Antibody Production by the Polyadenylation of Immunoglobulin mRNAs and Inhibits Cell Migration in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"24","author":"Herrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101984","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21957","article-title":"LncRNA MALAT1 Acts as an Oncogene in Multiple Myeloma through Sponging miR-509-5p to Modulate FOXP1 Expression","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-020-03127-8","article-title":"Long Non-Coding RNA MALAT1 Facilitates the Tumorigenesis, Invasion and Glycolysis of Multiple Myeloma via miR-1271-5p\/SOX13 Axis","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgad053","article-title":"MALAT1 Regulates Network of microRNA-15a\/16-VEGFA to Promote Tumorigenesis and Angiogenesis in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"44","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07252-1","article-title":"Targeting lncRNA MALAT1 Attenuates Lenalidomide Resistance via CD38 Epigenetic Modulation, Oxidative Stress\u2013Mediated Cell Death, and Remodeling of the pro-Tumor Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Hu, Y., and Zhao, J.-J. (2018). Repression of Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth In Vivo by Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)-Delivered MALAT1 Antisense Oligos. J. Vis. Exp., 142.","DOI":"10.3791\/58598"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0067-3","article-title":"Drugging the lncRNA MALAT1 via LNA gapmeR ASO Inhibits Gene Expression of Proteasome Subunits and Triggers Anti-Multiple Myeloma Activity","volume":"32","author":"Amodio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0104-2","article-title":"Targeting the MALAT1\/PARP1\/LIG3 Complex Induces DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"32","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2023-450","article-title":"Abstract 450: Preclinical Development of FTX-001: First in Class Inhibitor of the Long Non-Coding RNA MALAT1","volume":"83","author":"Neveu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"3917","article-title":"Increased lncRNA HOTAIR Expression Promotes the Chemoresistance of Multiple Myeloma to Dexamethasone by Regulating Cell Viability and Apoptosis by Mediating the JAK2\/STAT3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"20","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"10042","article-title":"Effects of lncRNA HOTAIR on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Myeloma Cells through NF-\u03baB Pathway","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9879876","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9879876","article-title":"Altered Long Noncoding RNA Expression Profile in Multiple Myeloma Patients with Bisphosphonate-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Jaw","volume":"2020","author":"Allegra","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, H., and Peng, J. (2022). LncRNA HOTAIR Promotes Proliferation, Invasion and Migration in NSCLC Cells via the CCL22 Signaling Pathway. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263997"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-025-00551-8","article-title":"A HOTAIR-Associated Super-Enhancer Orchestrates Glioblastoma Malignancy via MEST","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4608","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.35188","article-title":"A Compound AC1Q3QWB Selectively Disrupts HOTAIR-Mediated Recruitment of PRC2 and Enhances Cancer Therapy of DZNep","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023021991","article-title":"An Unbiased lncRNA Dropout CRISPR-Cas9 Screen Reveals RP11-350G8.5 as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"144","author":"Grillone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024026358","article-title":"Long-Noncoding Vulnerabilities in MM","volume":"144","author":"Kaulich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.139186","article-title":"Antisense Oligonucleotides-Based Approaches for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"291","author":"Oprea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, R., Chen, F., Yu, X., Li, Z., Li, Y., Feng, S., Liu, J., Li, H., Shen, C., and Gu, X. (2024). Construction and Validation of a Prognostic Model of Angiogenesis-Related Genes in Multiple Myeloma. BMC Cancer, 24, Correction in BMC Cancer 2024, 24, 1554.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-13349-5"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11540","article-title":"Exosomal mRNAs and lncRNAs Involved in Multiple Myeloma Resistance to Bortezomib","volume":"45","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06918-8","article-title":"Aberrant NSUN2-mediated m5C modification of exosomal LncRNA MALAT1 induced RANKL-mediated bone destruction in multiple myeloma","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-118845","article-title":"Dysregulation of Splicing in Multiple Myeloma: The Splicing Factor SRSF1 Supports MM Cell Proliferation Via Splicing Control","volume":"132","author":"Fulciniti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.16387","article-title":"Targeting CLK2 and Serine\/Arginine-Rich Splicing Factors Inhibits Multiple Myeloma through Downregulating RAE1 by Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Mechanism","volume":"116","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-03241-2","article-title":"Disrupting USP39 Deubiquitinase Function Impairs the Survival and Migration of Multiple Myeloma Cells through ZEB1 Degradation","volume":"43","author":"Sirera","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, B., Kral, A.J., Zhang, X., Singh, N., Deschenes, A., Cifani, P., Park, Y., Tuveson, D.A., Krainer, A.R., and Wan, L. (2025). MYC-Driven Activation of USP39 Enhances SRSF1 Stability and Promotes PDAC Progression. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.08.22.671882"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-146137","article-title":"Splicing Factor SRSF1 Promotes Tumorigenesis Via Oncogenic Splice-Switching and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"1738","article-title":"The Impact of SRSF1 -Mediated Alternative Splicing of RBBP6 on the Proliferation of Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-023-04906-w","article-title":"N6-Methyladenosine-Induced miR-182-5p Promotes Multiple Myeloma Tumorigenesis by Regulating CAMK2N1","volume":"479","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-024-09904-2","article-title":"KIAA1429 Increases FOXM1 Expression through YTHDF1-Mediated m6A Modification to Promote Aerobic Glycolysis and Tumorigenesis in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01854-w","article-title":"Decoding the Epitranscriptome: A New Frontier for Cancer Therapy and Drug Resistance","volume":"22","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02386-6","article-title":"Research Progress on N6-Methyladenosine and Non-Coding RNA in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6355","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.101403","article-title":"NAT10 Mediates XPO1 mRNA N4-Acetylation and Promotes Drug Resistance of Myeloma Cells","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e738","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.738","article-title":"NAT10-Mediated mRNA N4-Acetylcytidine Modification Promotes Bladder Cancer Progression","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2024.1873","article-title":"miR--1343--3p Inhibits Autophagy by Directly Targeting ATG7 in Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"111869","article-title":"MicroRNA-138 Promotes the Progression of Multiple Myeloma through Targeting Paired PAX5","volume":"829","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"8487","article-title":"miR-125b Expression Affects Tumor Growth of Multiple Myeloma via Targeting MKK7","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubaj, M., Bigosi\u0144ski, K., Dembowska, A., Mlak, R., Szudy-Szczyrek, A., Ma\u0142ecka-Massalska, T., and Homa-Mlak, I. (2024). Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Diagnosis, Prediction and Prognosis of Multiple Myeloma. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16051033"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102329","article-title":"Tumor Immune Evasion through Loss of MHC Class-I Antigen Presentation","volume":"83","author":"Sari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, B.C., and Balko, J.M. (2022). Mechanisms of MHC-I Downregulation and Role in Immunotherapy Response. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.844866"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2023-0513","article-title":"The Impact of Myelosuppression on Quality of Life of Patients Treated with Chemotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Crawford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driscoll, D.F., and Bistrian, B.R. (2025). Cytokine Release Syndrome and CAR T Cell Therapy: Modulating the Intensity of the Inflammatory Response and Resolution within the Tumor Microenvironment. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1615526"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-2781","article-title":"Identification of Molecular Vulnerabilities in Human Multiple Myeloma Cells by RNA Interference Lethality Screening of the Druggable Genome","volume":"72","author":"Tiedemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7605","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S436038","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs): Mechanism, Therapeutic Targets, and Delivery Strategies for Cancer Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07064","article-title":"IRF4 Addiction in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"454","author":"Shaffer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2215711120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2215711120","article-title":"In Vivo Bone Marrow Microenvironment siRNA Delivery Using Lipid\u2013Polymer Nanoparticles for Multiple Myeloma Therapy","volume":"120","author":"Riley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4265.5","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-208998","article-title":"A Phase 1 Study Investigating the Safety and Efficacy of Danvatirsen As Monotherapy Followed By Combination with Venetoclax in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory MDS and AML","volume":"144","author":"Shastri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hattab, D., Gazzali, A.M., and Bakhtiar, A. (2021). Clinical Advances of siRNA-Based Nanotherapeutics for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071009"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-020-00291-4","article-title":"Roles of miRNA Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.124","article-title":"Selective Targeting of IRF4 by Synthetic microRNA-125b-5p Mimics Induces Anti-Multiple Myeloma Activity in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"29","author":"Morelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handa, H., Murakami, Y., Ishihara, R., Kimura-Masuda, K., and Masuda, Y. (2019). The Role and Function of microRNA in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Myeloma. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11111738"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6260","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-1708","article-title":"Synthetic miR-34a Mimics as a Novel Therapeutic Agent for Multiple Myeloma: In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence","volume":"18","author":"Leone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-017-0492-1","article-title":"Role of Epigenetics-microRNA Axis in Drug Resistance of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"10","author":"Rastgoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03391-x","article-title":"MicroRNA in Cancer Therapy: Breakthroughs and Challenges in Early Clinical Applications","volume":"44","author":"Martino","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17579","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17579","article-title":"Delivery of miR-34a by Chitosan\/PLGA Nanoplexes for the Anticancer Treatment of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"5","author":"Cosco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01050-9","article-title":"MicroRNA: Trends in Clinical Trials of Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Strategies","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menon, A., Abd-Aziz, N., Khalid, K., Poh, C.L., and Naidu, R. (2022). miRNA: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911502"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24516","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24516","article-title":"Inhibition of miR-21 in Glioma Cells Using Catalytic Nucleic Acids","volume":"6","author":"Belter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091428","article-title":"MiRNA as a Potential Target for Multiple Myeloma Therapy\u2013Current Knowledge and Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Ahern","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16711","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016711","article-title":"MiRNAs with Prognostic Significance in Multiple Myeloma: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"98","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"6094","article-title":"The Potential Function of microRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-02065-1","article-title":"Comprehensive Small RNA-Sequencing of Primary Myeloma Cells Identifies miR-105-5p as a Predictor of Patient Survival","volume":"128","author":"Nedal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"1287","article-title":"Downregulation of miRNA-15a and miRNA-16 Promote Tumor Proliferation in Multiple Myeloma by Increasing CABIN1 Expression","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129348","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.129348","article-title":"MiR-16 Regulates Crosstalk in NF-\u03baB Tolerogenic Inflammatory Signaling between Myeloma Cells and Bone Marrow Macrophages","volume":"4","author":"Khalife","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, B., Zhang, K., Han, X., Su, C., Zhao, J., Wang, G., Wang, G., Zhang, L., and Hu, W. (2022). Extracellular Vesicle-Derived miR-105-5p Promotes Malignant Phenotypes of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting SPARCL1 via FAK\/AKT Signaling Pathway. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.819699"},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"503","article-title":"AntagomiR-19a Induced Better Responsiveness to Bortezomib in Myeloma Cell Lines","volume":"23","author":"Kazemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_226","first-page":"32","article-title":"Inhibition of miR-19a-3p Increases Bortezomib-Induced Apoptosis in Myeloma Cell Lines by Targeting SOCS3","volume":"36","author":"Kazemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V122.21.1853.1853","article-title":"Circulating Mir-16 and Mir-25 As New Prognosticators For Multiple Myeloma","volume":"122","author":"Pichiorri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikulski, D., Nowicki, M., Dr\u00f3\u017ad\u017c, I., Misiewicz, M., Ko\u015bcielny, K.P., Oko\u0144ski, K., Krawiec, K., Perdas, E., Wierzbowska, A., and Fendler, W. (2023). High Serum miR-223-3p Expression Level Predicts Complete Response and Prolonged Overall Survival in Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1250355"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Lan, X., Li, D., Li, T., and Lu, S. (2015). MiR-223 Targeting MAFB Suppresses Proliferation and Migration of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1464-x"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3325","article-title":"Targeting miR-21 Inhibits in Vitro and in Vivo Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth","volume":"19","author":"Leone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00878","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles Composed of Quaternary Amine\u2013Tertiary Amine Cationic Lipid Combination (QTsome) for Therapeutic Delivery of AntimiR-21 for Lung Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Yung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4384","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-0457","article-title":"Targeting the miR-221\u2013222\/PUMA\/BAK\/BAX Pathway Abrogates Dexamethasone Resistance in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"75","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0489","article-title":"A 13 Mer LNA-i-miR-221 Inhibitor Restores Drug Sensitivity in Melphalan-Refractory Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"22","author":"Morelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-022-03483-w","article-title":"The miR-106b-25 Cluster Mediates Drug Resistance in Myeloid Leukaemias by Inactivating Multiple Apoptotic Genes","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_235","first-page":"291","article-title":"Effects of miR--181a on the Biological Function of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7106","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-156759","article-title":"Multiple Myeloma-Derived Mir-27b-3p Facilitates Tumor Progression Via Promoting Tumor Cell Proliferation and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment","volume":"140","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5187","article-title":"Bone Marrow Fibroblasts Overexpress miR-27b and miR-214 in Step with Multiple Myeloma Progression, Dependent on Tumour Cell-Derived Exosomes","volume":"247","author":"Frassanito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1747","article-title":"Targeting of Multiple Myeloma-Related Angiogenesis by miR-199a-5p Mimics: In Vitro and in Vivo Anti-Tumor Activity","volume":"5","author":"Raimondi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_239","first-page":"185","article-title":"MicroRNA--199a--5p Suppresses Migration and Invasion in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Inhibiting the EMT--related Transcription Factor SOX4","volume":"44","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000403","article-title":"Induction of Multiple Myeloma Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting Extracellular Vesicle miR-10a Secretion","volume":"3","author":"Umezu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23447","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023447","article-title":"Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Derived Exosomal miR-10a and miR-16 May Be Involved in Progression of Patients with Multiple Myeloma by Regulating EPHA8 or IGF1R\/CCND1","volume":"100","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.07.008","article-title":"miR-10a Overexpression Is Associated with NPM1 Mutations and MDM4 Downregulation in Intermediate-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"39","author":"Ovcharenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-05-576116","article-title":"Exosomal miR-135b Shed from Hypoxic Multiple Myeloma Cells Enhances Angiogenesis by Targeting Factor-Inhibiting HIF-1","volume":"124","author":"Umezu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155495","article-title":"Promoting Effects of MiR-135b on Human Multiple Myeloma Cells via Regulation of the Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin\/Versican Signaling Pathway","volume":"142","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Cecilia Santini, G., De Veirman, K., Vande Broek, I., Leleu, X., De Becker, A., Van Camp, B., Vanderkerken, K., and Van Riet, I. (2013). Upregulation of miR-135b Is Involved in the Impaired Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Multiple Myeloma Patients. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079752"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.325","article-title":"Epigenetic silencing of miR-137 induces drug resistance and chromosomal instability by targeting AURKA in multiple myeloma","volume":"31","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.02.023","article-title":"miR-125b Upregulates miR-34a and Sequentially Activates Stress Adaption and Cell Death Mechanisms in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"16","author":"Misso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.62347\/QWGS2351","article-title":"MiR-125b Targeted Regulation of MKNK2 Inhibits Multiple Myeloma Proliferation and Invasion","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"2864","article-title":"Effects of microRNA--125b on Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"40","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1181","article-title":"The Mechanism Study of miR-125b in Occurrence and Progression of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs333","article-title":"miR-15a and miR-16 Affect the Angiogenesis of Multiple Myeloma by Targeting VEGF","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2014.07.005","article-title":"Potential Relationship and Clinical Significance of miRNAs and Th17 Cytokines in Patients with Multiple Myeloma","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-020-0161-3","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Oligo-Single-Stranded DNA Mimicking of Hsa-miR-15a-5p on Multiple Myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38270","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5681","article-title":"MicroRNA-15a\/16-1 Cluster Located at Chromosome 13q14 Is down-Regulated but Displays Different Expression Pattern and Prognostic Significance in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.BCD-19-0068","article-title":"Monosomic Loss of MIR15A\/MIR16-1 Is a Driver of Multiple Myeloma Proliferation and Disease Progression","volume":"1","author":"Chesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gkioka, A.-I., Tsota, M., Koudouna, A., Gkiokas, A., Mitropoulou, C.-A., Palaiokrassa, A., Alexandropoulos, A., Papadatou-Gigante, M., Bartzi, V., and Tryfou, T.-M. (2024). Circulating miR-16 and miR-21 Levels in Multiple Myeloma: Prognostic Significance of Survival and Response to Lenalidomide Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.1056.v1"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6669","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-01-198408","article-title":"MicroRNAs 15a and 16 Regulate Tumor Proliferation in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"113","author":"Roccaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S270636","article-title":"miR-744-5p Inhibits Multiple Myeloma Proliferation, Epithelial Mesenchymal Transformation and Glycolysis by Targeting SOX12\/Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2011.51","article-title":"Downregulated Plasma miR-92a Levels Have Clinical Impact on Multiple Myeloma and Related Disorders","volume":"2","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V118.21.2871.2871","article-title":"Plasma Mir-92a Levels in Multiple Myeloma Correlate with T-Cell-Derived Mir-92a and Restored in Bortezomib Responder","volume":"118","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12885","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806202105","article-title":"MicroRNAs Regulate Critical Genes Associated with Multiple Myeloma Pathogenesis","volume":"105","author":"Pichiorri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.296","article-title":"The LIN28B\/Let-7 Axis Is a Novel Therapeutic Pathway in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"31","author":"Manier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.093500","article-title":"Circulating Serum microRNAs as Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance","volume":"99","author":"Kubiczkova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-025-01248-2","article-title":"Refining Precision Prognostics in Multiple Myeloma: Loss of miR-221\/222 Cluster in CD138+ Plasma Cells Results in Short-Term Progression and Worse Treatment Outcome","volume":"15","author":"Soureas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergantim, R., Peixoto da Silva, S., Pinto, V., Pereira, J.M., Sousa, D., Trigo, F., Matthiesen, R., Guimar\u00e3es, J.E., and Vasconcelos, M.H. (2025). MicroRNA-665 and Its Potential Role in Drug Response and Survival Outcomes in Multiple Myeloma: A Preliminary Study. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1465814"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Tang, W., Zhang, C., Xu, J., Yang, Y., Liu, Q., Zhong, X., Wang, J., and Xu, C. (2025). Identification and Prognostic Prediction of High-Risk Multiple Myeloma by Exosomal microRNA. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1659708"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102358","article-title":"Circulating Extracellular Vesicle isomiR Signatures Predict Therapy Response in Patients with Multiple Myeloma","volume":"6","author":"Drees","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5852","article-title":"Myeloma Cells Regulate miRNA Transfer from Fibroblast-Derived Exosomes by Expression of lncRNAs","volume":"256","author":"Saltarella","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.10.001","article-title":"Long Non-Coding RNAs: From Disease Code to Drug Role","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-019-01211-9","article-title":"Deregulated Expression of Long Non-Coding RNA HOX Transcript Antisense RNA (HOTAIR) in Egyptian Patients with Multiple Myeloma","volume":"36","author":"Shehata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus. Off. J. Indian Soc. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63256-x","article-title":"Multiple Myeloma Associated Long Non-Coding RNA PLUM Confers Chemoresistance by Enhancing PRC2 Mediated UPR Pathway Activation","volume":"16","author":"Deka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02736-x","article-title":"The Long Non-Coding RNA CRNDE Stabilises SIRT1 Protein and Influences Hedgehog Signalling in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"39","author":"Zocchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-025-00579-w","article-title":"Investigation of lncRNA Expression in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Reveals a LINC01432-CELF2 Axis as an Inhibitor of Apoptosis","volume":"14","author":"Mishra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106527","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22507","article-title":"Inhibition of EZH2 Triggers the Tumor Suppressive miR-29b Network in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"8","author":"Stamato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miluzio, A., De Grossi, F., Mancino, M., Biffo, S., and Manfrini, N. (2025). FAM46C Expression Sensitizes Multiple Myeloma Cells to PF-543-Induced Cytotoxicity. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15050623"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19486-2","article-title":"In vitro-transcribed antigen receptor mRNA nanocarriers for transient expression in circulating T cells in vivo","volume":"11","author":"Parayath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0951-5","article-title":"Preclinical Evaluation of CD8+ Anti-BCMA mRNA CAR T Cells for Treatment of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00194-1","article-title":"Safety and Clinical Activity of Autologous RNA Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Myasthenia Gravis (MG-001): A Prospective, Multicentre, Open-Label, Non-Randomised Phase 1b\/2a Study","volume":"22","author":"Granit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golubovskaya, V., Sienkiewicz, J., Sun, J., Zhang, S., Huang, Y., Zhou, H., Harto, H., Xu, S., Berahovich, R., and Wu, L. (2023). CAR-NK Cells Generated with mRNA-LNPs Kill Tumor Target Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713364"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-021-00365-x","article-title":"CXCR4 and Anti-BCMA CAR Co-Modified Natural Killer Cells Suppress Multiple Myeloma Progression in a Xenograft Mouse Model","volume":"29","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Ng, Y.Y., Du, Z., Li, Z., Chen, C., Xiao, L., Chng, W.J., and Wang, S. (2022). V\u03b39V\u03b42 T Cells Expressing a BCMA-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor Inhibit Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Growth. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267475"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edri, A., Ben-Haim, N., Hailu, A., Brycman, N., Berhani-Zipori, O., Rifman, J., Cohen, S., Yackoubov, D., Rosenberg, M., and Simantov, R. (2023). Nicotinamide-Expanded Allogeneic Natural Killer Cells with CD38 Deletion, Expressing an Enhanced CD38 Chimeric Antigen Receptor, Target Multiple Myeloma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417231"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03326-6","article-title":"Two for One: Targeting BCMA and CD19 in B-Cell Malignancies with off-the-Shelf Dual-CAR NK-92 Cells","volume":"20","author":"Roex","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, F.-Y., Siebart, J.C., Chan, C.S., Wang, M.Y., Yao, X., Trenkle, A.S., Sivakumar, A., Su, M., Harandi, R., and Shahrawat, N. (2024). Antigen-Specific T Cell Immunotherapy by in Vivo mRNA Delivery. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.29.620946"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021005941","article-title":"Langerhans Dendritic Cell Vaccine Bearing mRNA-Encoded Tumor Antigens Induces Antimyeloma Immunity after Autotransplant","volume":"6","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00755-x","article-title":"Preparation of Selective Organ-Targeting (SORT) Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) Using Multiple Technical Methods for Tissue-Specific mRNA Delivery","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202310395","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202310395","article-title":"Spleen SORT LNP Generated in Situ CAR T Cells Extend Survival in a Mouse Model of Lymphoreplete B Cell Lymphoma","volume":"62","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01089-5","article-title":"Immune Dysfunction Prior to and during Vaccination in Multiple Myeloma: A Case Study Based on COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Guerrero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinpr.2022.100214","article-title":"Third Dose of an mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine for Patients with Multiple Myeloma","volume":"17","author":"Goldwater","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Pract."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancuso, K., Zamagni, E., Solli, V., Gabrielli, L., Leone, M., Pantani, L., Rocchi, S., Rizzello, I., Tacchetti, P., and Ghibellini, S. (2023). Long Term Follow-up of Humoral and Cellular Response to mRNA-Based Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Active Multiple Myeloma. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1208741"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e934","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(21)00278-7","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Consensus of the European Myeloma Network","volume":"8","author":"Ludwig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.70013","article-title":"Vaccination in Multiple Myeloma: Challenges and Strategies","volume":"115","author":"Martino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-024-00966-x","article-title":"Existing and Emerging mRNA Vaccines and Their Environmental Impact: A Transdisciplinary Assessment","volume":"36","author":"Mueller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nwnano.2024.100058","article-title":"Nanotechnology Platforms for Antigen and Immunostimulant Delivery in Vaccine Formulations","volume":"8","author":"Wolman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Trends"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-209444","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated Combinational mRNA Vaccine for Multiple Myeloma: The Next Stage of Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"144","author":"Dutta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.14218\/JERP.2023.00049","article-title":"Therapeutic Vaccination and Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Murphy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Explor. Res. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parvin, N., Joo, S.W., and Mandal, T.K. (2024). Enhancing Vaccine Efficacy and Stability: A Review of the Utilization of Nanoparticles in mRNA Vaccines. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14081036"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2024.102313","article-title":"Advancements and Challenges in mRNA and Ribonucleoprotein-Based Therapies: From Delivery Systems to Clinical Applications","volume":"35","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00755-x","article-title":"New Horizons in Our Understanding of Precursor Multiple Myeloma and Early Interception","volume":"24","author":"Toenges","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33091","article-title":"Pathways to Therapy Resistance: The Sheltering Effect of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment to Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"10","author":"Bhowmick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-04-780155","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Vaccination as Postremission Treatment to Prevent or Delay Relapse in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"130","author":"Anguille","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-131775","article-title":"Aberrant RHAMM Splicing in Multiple Myeloma (MM) and Its Implications for Immunotherapy","volume":"134","author":"Ogiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdollahi, P., Norseth, H.M., and Schjesvold, F. (2024). Advances and Challenges in Anti-Cancer Vaccines for Multiple Myeloma. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1411352"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pao, S.C., Chu, M.T., and Hung, S.I. (2022). Therapeutic Vaccines Targeting Neoantigens to Induce T-Cell Immunity against Cancers. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040867"},{"key":"ref_305","first-page":"274","article-title":"Neoantigen Cancer Vaccines: A New Star on the Horizon","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010673","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010673","article-title":"Immunopeptidomics Identified Antigens for mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccines with Alpha-Galactosylceramide in Multiple Myeloma Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Thery","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114048","article-title":"Advances in RNA Therapeutics and Its Delivery Strategies against Multiple Myeloma","volume":"385","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.10.003","article-title":"Recent Advances in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"376","author":"Pant","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2555507","article-title":"Emerging Lipid Nanoparticle Systems Capable of Efficient Intramuscular RNA Delivery","volume":"20","author":"Raza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01847-3","article-title":"Nature-Inspired Platform Nanotechnology for RNA Delivery to Myeloid Cells and Their Bone Marrow Progenitors","volume":"20","author":"Hofstraat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-025-01954-9","article-title":"A Versatile Antibody Capture System Drives Specific in Vivo Delivery of mRNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2313226","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202313226","article-title":"Antigen Presenting Cell Mimetic Lipid Nanoparticles for Rapid mRNA CAR T Cell Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"36","author":"Metzloff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasileva, O., Zaborova, O., Shmykov, B., Ivanov, R., and Reshetnikov, V. (2024). Composition of Lipid Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery: Application to mRNA Therapeutics. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1466337"},{"key":"ref_314","first-page":"103545","article-title":"Revolutionizing Pediatric Gene and Cell Therapy: The Hope for Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in Blood Disorders","volume":"73","author":"Zahedipour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2025.101518","article-title":"Rational Design of Lipid Nanoparticles for Enabling Gene Therapies","volume":"33","author":"Brimacombe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114126","article-title":"A Novel Ionizable Lipid with Comprehensive Improvements in Transfection Potency, Immune Profile and Safety of Lipid Nanoparticle","volume":"386","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2025.101463","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles: Composition, Formulation, and Application","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10085","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB01556A","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated Targeted mRNA Delivery and Its Application in Cancer Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Sui","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pateev, I., Seregina, K., Ivanov, R., and Reshetnikov, V. (2024). Biodistribution of RNA Vaccines and of Their Products: Evidence from Human and Animal Studies. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12010059"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-208664","article-title":"Preclinical Proof-of-Concept of a Novel mRNA-Based Therapeutic Combination of an FcRH5 Targeted NK Cell Engager and an IL-15 Superagonist for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"144","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_321","unstructured":"Cartesian Therapeutics (Cartesian Therapeutics News Release, 2024). Cartesian Therapeutics Announces First Patient Dosed in First-in-Human Phase 1 Trial of next-Generation mRNA CAR-T Cell Therapy Descartes-15, Cartesian Therapeutics News Release."},{"key":"ref_322","unstructured":"Cartesian Therapeutics (Cartesian Therapeutics News Release, 2024). Cartesian Therapeutics Announces Positive Topline Results from Phase 2b Trial of Descartes-08 in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis, Cartesian Therapeutics News Release."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10025","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c03741","article-title":"The Extent to Which Lipid Nanoparticles Require Apolipoprotein E and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor for Delivery Changes with Ionizable Lipid Structure","volume":"22","author":"Paunovska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Ding, Y., Chong, K., Cui, M., Cao, Z., Tang, C., Tian, Z., Hu, Y., Zhao, Y., and Jiang, S. (2024). Recent Advances in Lipid Nanoparticles and Their Safety Concerns for mRNA Delivery. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101148"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Liang, D., Wang, Q., Cheng, Y., Xie, D., Gui, Y., Zhang, H., Feng, C., Zhao, F., and Ren, W. (2025). In Vivo Genome Editing of Human Haematopoietic Stem Cells for Treatment of Blood Disorders Using mRNA Delivery. Nat. Biomed. Eng., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01480-y"},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swart, L.E., Fens, M.H.A.M., van Oort, A., Waranecki, P., Mata Casimiro, L.D., Tuk, D., Hendriksen, M., van den Brink, L., Schweighart, E., and Seinen, C. (2023). Increased Bone Marrow Uptake and Accumulation of Very-Late Antigen-4 Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061603"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021014749","article-title":"Exosomes in Multiple Myeloma: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"140","author":"Menu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02215-4","article-title":"Emerging Role of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: Progress and Challenges","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4979","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.70093","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Multiple Myeloma: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Application","volume":"292","author":"Wylie","year":"2025","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-025-00334-1","article-title":"Engineered Exosomes: Advanced Nanocarriers for Targeted Therapy and Drug Delivery in Hematological Malignancies","volume":"16","author":"Rahgoshay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4886","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023012464","article-title":"Anti-BCMA\u2013Engineered Exosomes for Bortezomib-Targeted Delivery in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02726-z","article-title":"Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs: Mediators of Crosstalk between Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_333","first-page":"274","article-title":"Unleashing the Impact of Exosomes Derived from Human Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hPMSCs) on U-266 Myeloma Cell Line","volume":"18","author":"Soufizomorrod","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol.-Oncol. Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohan, S., Khamjan, N.A., Abdelwahab, S.I., Taha, M.M.E., Moshi, J.M., Alshahrani, A.F., Mohammed, J.A., Alshahrani, S., Sahli, K.A., and Alqhtani, H.A.S. (2025). Clinical Frontiers of Exosome Research: A Comprehensive Analysis of Human Trials in Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Regenerative Medicine. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother.","DOI":"10.1177\/0976500X251361201"},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, D.R., Juste, F., Anaya, B.J., Ramirez, B.I., S\u00e1nchez-Guirales, S.A., Quispillo, J.M., Hernandez, E.M., Simon, J.A., Trallero, J.M., and Serrano, C. (2025). Exosome-Based Drug Delivery: A Next-Generation Platform for Cancer, Infection, Neurological and Immunological Diseases, Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17101336"},{"key":"ref_336","unstructured":"Wu, M., and Cui, X. (2025, January 12\u201315). Paeoniflorin Attenuates Mouse Myeloma Bone Disease by Reducing ERK 1 Levels in the Exosomes of Multiple Myeloma Cells. Proceedings of the EHA2025 Congress, Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_337","unstructured":"Cui, X., and Wu, M. (2025, January 12\u201315). Exosome-Derived circCOG5 as a New Prognostic Indicator of MBD, Aggravated Osteolytic Lesions by circCOG5\/miR-625-3p\/RANKL Axis. Proceedings of the EHA2025 Congress, Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_338","unstructured":"Jones, C. (2025, December 05). Bloodlines Series: Risk, Regimens, and Research for Multiple Myeloma. Available online: https:\/\/www.aacr.org\/blog\/2025\/03\/12\/bloodlines-series-risk-regimens-and-research-for-multiple-myeloma\/."},{"key":"ref_339","unstructured":"(2025, January 23\u201325). Boosting Exosome and Extra-Cellular Vesicle Therapies and Delivery Carriers with Optimal Characterization, Improved Tropism, and GMP-Grade Production for Regenerative and Precision Medicine. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Exosome-Based Therapeutic Development Summit, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01201-6","article-title":"Recent Advances in Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Cargo Delivery","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Chen, Y., Zhu, L., You, L., Tong, H., Meng, H., Sheng, J., and Jin, J. (2024). Harnessing Nanotechnology: Emerging Strategies for Multiple Myeloma Therapy. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14010083"},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122989","article-title":"Recent Advancements in Nanomedicine as a Revolutionary Approach to Treating Multiple Myeloma","volume":"356","author":"Shafiei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Wang, H., Xiong, S., Liu, J., and Sun, S. (2024). Targeted Delivery Strategies for Multiple Myeloma and Their Adverse Drug Reactions. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17070832"},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115448","article-title":"RNA-Loaded Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Hematological Cancers","volume":"214","author":"Garbayo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_345","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical Technology (Pharmaceutical Technology: Data & Insights, 2025). Descartes-15 by Cartesian Therapeutics for Refractory Multiple Myeloma\u2014Likelihood of Approval, Pharmaceutical Technology: Data & Insights."},{"key":"ref_346","unstructured":"Ractigen Therapeutics (Ractigen Therapeutics Newsroom, 2024). Ractigen Therapeutics Announces U.S. FDA Orphan Drug Designation (ODD) Granted to RAG-18 for the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Becker Muscular Dystrophy, Ractigen Therapeutics Newsroom."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunia, J., Tomasik, J., Czerwik, N., Pezeshki, P.S., and Nowis, D. (2025). Incorporating mRNA Therapeutics into Biological Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1680071"},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gastelum, G., Veena, M., Lyons, K., Lamb, C., Jacobs, N., Yamada, A., Baibussinov, A., Sarafyan, M., Shamis, R., and Kraut, J. (2021). Can Targeting Hypoxia-Mediated Acidification of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment Kill Myeloma Tumor Cells?. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.703878"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctt, J., N\u00e4gler, T., Schenk, T., and Brioli, A. (2021). Investigating the Interplay between Myeloma Cells and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in the Development of Drug Resistance: Dissecting the Role of Epigenetic Modifications. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13164069"},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.008961","article-title":"Understanding the Hypoxic Niche of Multiple Myeloma: Therapeutic Implications and Contributions of Mouse Models","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semdp.2025.150916","article-title":"Role of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma: Impact of Niches on Drug Resistance Mechanisms","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saltarella, I., Desantis, V., Melaccio, A., Solimando, A.G., Lamanuzzi, A., Ria, R., Storlazzi, C.T., Mariggi\u00f2, M.A., Vacca, A., and Frassanito, M.A. (2020). Mechanisms of Resistance to Anti-CD38 Daratumumab in Multiple Myeloma. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010167"},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, T., Renz, B.W., Ilmer, M., Koch, D., Yang, Y., Werner, J., and Bazhin, A.V. (2022). Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Solid Tumors. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11020310"},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1486948","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1486948","article-title":"Daratumumab Induces CD38 Internalization and Impairs Myeloma Cell Adhesion","volume":"7","author":"Ghose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, X., Yu, T., Yu, T., and Cai, H. (2025). The Impact of Multiple Myeloma Drugs Treatments on Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in the Era of New Drugs. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1479164"},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-00988-x","article-title":"Efficacy and Immune Modulation Associated with the Addition of IMiDs to Daratumumab Backbone in Multiple Myeloma Patients Refractory to Both Drug Classes: Resetting Synergistic Activity","volume":"14","author":"Kostopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-2839","article-title":"VLA4-Targeted Nanoparticles Hijack Cell Adhesion-Mediated Drug Resistance to Target Refractory Myeloma Cells and Prolong Survival","volume":"27","author":"Fontana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.08.030","article-title":"Enhancing RNA-Lipid Nanoparticle Delivery: Organ- and Cell-Specificity and Barcoding Strategies","volume":"375","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2501190","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202501190","article-title":"Lymphoid and CXCR4 Cell Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles Facilitate HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision","volume":"14","author":"Panja","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.12.017","article-title":"Selective Antisense Oligonucleotide Inhibition of Human IRF4 Prevents Malignant Myeloma Regeneration via Cell Cycle Disruption","volume":"28","author":"Mondala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.14.381","article-title":"Phase II Study of G3139, a Bcl-2 Antisense Oligonucleotide, in Combination with Dexamethasone and Thalidomide in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma Patients","volume":"23","author":"Badros","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-017-0020-0","article-title":"Oncolytic Virotherapy as an Immunotherapeutic Strategy for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"7","author":"Meyers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.120","article-title":"Phase I Trial of Systemic Administration of Edmonston Strain of Measles Virus Genetically Engineered to Express the Sodium Iodide Symporter in Patients with Recurrent or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"31","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Cui, Y., Li, X., Jin, S.H., Wang, H., Gaipl, U.S., Ma, H., Wang, S., and Zhou, J.G. (2025). CircRNAs: Functions and Emerging Roles in Cancer and Immunotherapy. BMC Med., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04306-5"},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4274\/tjh.galenos.2020.2020.0243","article-title":"Circulating Exosomal CircMYC Is Associated with Recurrence and Bortezomib Resistance in Patients with Multiple Myeloma","volume":"37","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_366","unstructured":"Crabtree, J., Lee, T., Soto, D., Vyas, P., Emmanuel, A., Theisen, M., Kosakowska, K., Sedic, M., Das, R., and Jayaraman, M. (2025). In Vivo PanCAR Therapy Utilizing Circular RNA for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol., 77, Available online: https:\/\/acrabstracts.org\/abstract\/in-vivo-pancar-therapy-utilizing-circular-rna-for-treatment-of-autoimmune-diseases\/."},{"key":"ref_367","unstructured":"Circio Group (2020). Company Presentation, Circio Group. Available online: https:\/\/www.circio.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/11\/wkr0006-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-024-00806-x","article-title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Circular RNAs","volume":"26","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e720","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.720","article-title":"Synthetic circRNA Therapeutics: Innovations, Strategies, and Future Horizons","volume":"5","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00625-8","article-title":"Engineered Circular RNA-Based DLL3-Targeted CAR-T Therapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, S., Hara, T., Miura, Y., Arao, Y., Saito, Y., Inoue, K., Hirotsu, T., Vecchione, A., Satoh, T., and Ishii, H. (2025). In Vivo Engineered CAR-T Cell Therapy: Lessons Built from COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073119"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-4117","article-title":"In Vivo Pan CAR Therapy Utilizing Circular RNA for Treatment of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"146","author":"Silver","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_373","unstructured":"RiboX Therapeutics Ltd. (PR Newswire, 2025). RiboX Therapeutics Announces First Patient Dosed in Phase I\/IIa Clinical Trial of RXRG001, the First Circular RNA Therapy for the Treatment of Radiation-Induced Xerostomia and Hyposalivation, PR Newswire."},{"key":"ref_374","unstructured":"Shanghai CirCode Biomed Co., Ltd. (PR Newswire, 2025). CirCode Biomed Announces FDA Clearance for IND Application of HM2002, the World\u2019s First Circular RNA Drug Being Administrated in Patients, PR Newswire."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01097-x","article-title":"Recent Advances and Perspectives on the Development of Circular RNA Cancer Vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-06033-6","article-title":"mRNA Vaccines in the Context of Cancer Treatment: From Concept to Application","volume":"23","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Guo, A., Sun, B., and Zhou, Z. (2022). Comprehensive Elaboration of Circular RNA in Multiple Myeloma. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.971070"},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-03028-z","article-title":"CircRNAs in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Clinicopathological Features of Multiple Myeloma; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Mirazimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_379","unstructured":"Barrett, D., Di Gaudio, D., Kikkert, S., Micklus, A., and Rose, D. (2025). Gene, Cell, & RNA Therapy Landscape Report: Q2 2025 Quarterly Data Report, American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy (ASGCT) and Citeline."},{"key":"ref_380","unstructured":"Cross, R. (Endpoints News, 2025). Exclusive: Circular RNA Startup Orbital Unveils First Monkey Data as It Enters in Vivo CAR-T Cell Therapy Race, Endpoints News."},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01344-5","article-title":"Small Circular RNAs as Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e547","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000547","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Patients With Multiple Myeloma","volume":"5","author":"Gavriatopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"HemaSphere"},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raimondi, V., Storti, P., Vescovini, R., Franceschi, V., Toscani, D., Notarfranchi, L., Dalla Palma, A.B., Iannozzi, N.T., Minesso, S., and Scita, M. (2025). Follow-up of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses after the Third SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Dose in Multiple Myeloma Patients. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1532947"},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01090-6","article-title":"Fifth-Week Immunogenicity and Safety of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 Vaccine in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Myeloproliferative Malignancies on Active Treatment: Preliminary Data from a Single Institution","volume":"14","author":"Pimpinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011242","article-title":"Immune Status and Selection of Patients for Immunotherapy in Myeloma: A Proposal","volume":"8","author":"Dhodapkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14569","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.e14569","article-title":"An Exhaustive Pre-Clinical Study of a circRNA Drug Candidate (cmRNA1210) Encoding IL-12sc for Anti-Tumor Therapeutics","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-208650","article-title":"A Protein-Coding Circular RNA That Regulates DNA Damage Response in BCR::ABL-Positive Leukemias","volume":"144","author":"Urs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-200148","article-title":"The Exportin, CSE1L, Regulates Ribosome Biogenesis and Is a Selective Dependency in Childhood and Young Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"144","author":"Egan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savguira, M., Chen, D.X.W., Dong, S., and Li, B. (2025). RNA Immunotherapy: Revolutionizing Cancer and Autoimmune Disease Treatments. Trends Mol. Med., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.06.008"},{"key":"ref_390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201019666180528084059","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Small Activating RNAs (saRNAs) in Human Cancers","volume":"19","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233241298572","article-title":"Session 4: mRNA and Self-Amplifying RNA (saRNA): Opportunities for Disease Prevention and Therapy","volume":"52","author":"Sellers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_392","unstructured":"Altamira Therapeutics Ltd. (GlobeNewswire, 2025). Altamira Therapeutics Announces Collaboration on Circular RNA Delivery, GlobeNewswire."},{"key":"ref_393","unstructured":"Ryan, B.M. (2025, January 12\u201315). Small Activating RNA-Mediated Induction of HBG via Liposome Delivery for in Vivo Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. Presented at the European Hematology Association (EHA) Congress, Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.12.055","article-title":"Alphaviral Backbone of Self-Amplifying RNA Enhances Protein Expression and Immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 Antigen","volume":"33","author":"Casmil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01694-2","article-title":"Replicon RNA Vaccines: Design, Delivery, and Immunogenicity in Infectious Diseases and Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunyk, D., Plotnikova, M., Bespalov, M., Shevyrev, D., Klotchenko, S., Ivanov, R., and Reshetnikov, V. (2025). The Interplay Between Therapeutic Self-Amplifying RNA and the Innate Immune System: Balancing Efficiency and Reactogenicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188986"},{"key":"ref_397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.30.20150110","article-title":"Bone Site-Specific Delivery of siRNA","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.10.021","article-title":"An Anti-BCMA RNA Aptamer for miRNA Intracellular Delivery","volume":"18","author":"Catuogno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amundarain, A., Pastor, F., Pr\u00f3sper, F., and Agirre, X. (2022). Aptamers, a New Therapeutic Opportunity for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14215471"},{"key":"ref_400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, Y., Xiong, S., Ur Rehman, Z., He, X., Peng, H., Liu, J., and Sun, S. (2023). The Research Advances of Aptamers in Hematologic Malignancies. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15010300"},{"key":"ref_401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2025.111502","article-title":"Selection and Characterization of Aptamers against CD38 for Clinical Diagnostics","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_402","unstructured":"Slepak, N. (KACTUS Bio News & Articles, 2025). FcRh5: An Emerging Therapeutic Target in Multiple Myeloma, KACTUS Bio News & Articles."},{"key":"ref_403","unstructured":"Barnes, E., O\u2019Hara, P., Bentley, S., and Bunka, D. (2023). Optimer\u00ae Delivery Vehicles Enable Targeted Delivery of Diverse Payloads to Challenging Cell Types, Aptamer Group."},{"key":"ref_404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"09636897251374203","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897251374203","article-title":"Correlation between the Expression of Soluble BCMA and Short-Term\/Long-Term Curative Effect and Survival Outcomes of Anti-BCMA CAR-T Cell Therapy in Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"34","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6975","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.2c00024","article-title":"The Progress and Promise of RNA Medicine\u2500An Arsenal of Targeted Treatments","volume":"65","author":"Sasso","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_406","unstructured":"Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (2025, November 05). Multiple Myeloma Highlights from the 2025 ASCO and EHA Annual Meetings, MMRF News & Events, Available online: https:\/\/themmrf.org\/mmrf-blogs\/multiple-myeloma-highlights-from-the-2025-asco-and-eha-annual-meetings\/."},{"key":"ref_407","unstructured":"Gerlach, A. (Pharmacy Times, 2025). ASCO 2025: Adding Elranatamab to Daratumumab, Lenalidomide Induces Durable Responses in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma, Pharmacy Times."},{"key":"ref_408","unstructured":"Rajkumar, V. (OncoDaily, 2025). Top 5 ASCO 2025 Myeloma Abstracts Suggested by Vincent Rajkumar, OncoDaily."},{"key":"ref_409","unstructured":"Cartesian Therapeutics, Inc. (Cartesian Therapeutics News Release, 2025). Cartesian Therapeutics Highlights Progress and 2025 Strategic Priorities Across Pipeline of mRNA Cell Therapies for Autoimmune Diseases, Cartesian Therapeutics News Release."},{"key":"ref_410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01030-X","article-title":"In-Vivo B-Cell Maturation Antigen CAR T-Cell Therapy for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"406","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_411","unstructured":"Incorvaia, D. (Fierce Biotech, 2025). Cell therapy biotech shares first clinical data for in vivo CAR-T that attracted $1B AstraZeneca acquisition, Fierce Biotech."},{"key":"ref_412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, S., Ho, P.J., Lim, S.-L., Talam, S., Pahl, H., Dingar, D., Currence, S., Quigley, T., and Spencer, A. (2025). Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)-Negative Outcomes Following a Novel, in Vivo Gene Therapy Generating anti\u2013B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells in Patients with Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Preliminary Results from inMMyCAR, the First-in-Human Phase 1 Study of KLN-1010. Blood, 146.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-LBA-1"},{"key":"ref_413","unstructured":"Ekwe, A., and Vives, J. (2025, December 05). In Vivo CAR-T Therapy Challenges the Cancer Treatment Paradigm. Available online: https:\/\/www.isctglobal.org\/telegrafthub\/blogs\/isct-head-office1\/2025\/10\/07\/scientific-spotlight-in-vivo-car-t-therapy-challen."},{"key":"ref_414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00283-5","article-title":"mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases: Principles, Delivery and Clinical Translation","volume":"20","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_415","unstructured":"(2025, December 11). Lowering the Cost-of-Goods for Making mRNA-Based Vaccines Utilizing Continuous mRNA Manufacturing\u2014NIIMBL. Available online: https:\/\/www.niimbl.org\/projects\/lowering-the-cost-of-goods-for-making-mrna-based-vaccines-utilizing-continuous-mrna-manufacturing\/."},{"key":"ref_416","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (2025). Draft Guidance on Individualised mRNA Cancer Immunotherapies, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. GOV.UK."},{"key":"ref_417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s43441-025-00752-8","article-title":"Toward an Extensible Regulatory Framework for N-of-1 to N-of-Few Personalized RNA Therapy Design","volume":"59","author":"Pereme","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther. Innov. Regul. Sci."},{"key":"ref_418","unstructured":"Cartesian Therapeutics (2025, December 05). Cartesian Therapeutics Reports Third Quarter 2025 Financial Results and Provides Business Update. Available online: https:\/\/ir.cartesiantherapeutics.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/cartesian-therapeutics-reports-third-quarter-2025-financial."},{"key":"ref_419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71581","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71581","article-title":"Redefining Cure in Multiple Myeloma: Are We Chasing a Moving Target?","volume":"8","author":"Kitundu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2025.2511179","article-title":"Emerging GPRC5D-Targeted Therapies for Multiple Myeloma: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"34","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01017-x","article-title":"Opportunities and Challenges for MRD Assessment in the Clinical Management of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"22","author":"Paiva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003706","article-title":"Innovative Strategies for Improving CAR-T Cell Therapy: A Nanomedicine Perspective","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_423","unstructured":"Kelonia Therapeutics, Inc. (Kelonia Therapeutics News Release, 2025). Kelonia Therapeutics Doses First Patient in Phase 1 inMMyCAR Study Evaluating in Vivo CAR T-Cell Therapy for Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma, Kelonia Therapeutics News Release."},{"key":"ref_424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020010572","article-title":"Specific Targeting of the KRAS Mutational Landscape in Myeloma as a Tool to Unveil the Elicited Antitumor Activity","volume":"138","author":"Sacco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50880-2","article-title":"Personalized Neoantigen Vaccines as Early Intervention in Untreated Patients with Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma: A Non-Randomized Phase 1 Trial","volume":"15","author":"Szymura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.11.027","article-title":"Self-Replicating RNAs Drive Protective Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses to Neoantigen Vaccine Targets in a Combinatorial Approach","volume":"29","author":"Maine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_427","unstructured":"Armstrong, M. (ApexOnco\u2014OncologyPipeline, 2024). Bristol Cuts Its BCMA Losses, ApexOnco\u2014OncologyPipeline."},{"key":"ref_428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114379","article-title":"In Vivo Nano-Engineering T Cells for CAR-T Therapy","volume":"388","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304378","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202304378","article-title":"In Vivo mRNA CAR T Cell Engineering via Targeted Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles with Extrahepatic Tropism","volume":"20","author":"Billingsley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01677-3","article-title":"CAR-NK Cell Therapy: Latest Updates from the 2024 ASH Annual Meeting","volume":"18","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_431","unstructured":"Kelonia Therapeutics (2025, December 05). Kelonia Therapeutics Announces Late-Breaking Oral Presentation of First-in-Human Data from In Vivo BCMA CAR-T Therapy at the American Society of Hematology (ASH) 2025 Annual Meeting. Available online: https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20251124182363\/en\/Kelonia-Therapeutics-Announces-Late-Breaking-Oral-Presentation-of-First-in-Human-Data-from-in-vivo-BCMA-CAR-T-Therapy-at-the-American-Society-of-Hematology-ASH-2025-Annual-Meeting."},{"key":"ref_432","unstructured":"Collins, T.R. (2025, December 11). Analysis Offers Insight Into CAR-T-Related Secondary Malignancies|ASH Clinical News|American Society of Hematology. Available online: https:\/\/ashpublications.org\/ashclinicalnews\/news\/8575\/Analysis-Offers-Insight-Into-CAR-T-Related."},{"key":"ref_433","unstructured":"ecancer (2025, December 11). CAR-T Cell Therapy Linked to Increased Risk of Secondary Primary Malignancies Globally\u2014Ecancer. Available online: http:\/\/ecancer.org\/en\/news\/26833-car-t-cell-therapy-linked-to-increased-risk-of-secondary-primary-malignancies-globally."},{"key":"ref_434","unstructured":"Caffrey, M. (2025, December 11). ASH 2025 Offers Data That Could Make Novel Therapies More Accessible|AJMC. Available online: https:\/\/www.ajmc.com\/view\/ash-2025-offers-data-that-could-make-novel-therapies-more-accessible."},{"key":"ref_435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02851-9","article-title":"A Shared Neoantigen Vaccine Combined with Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Advanced Metastatic Solid Tumors: Phase 1 Trial Interim Results","volume":"30","author":"Rappaport","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_436","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538-548","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group Updated Criteria for the Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_437","unstructured":"Targeted Oncology (2025, December 05). Personalized Vaccine Shows Early Promise in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.targetedonc.com\/view\/personalized-vaccine-shows-early-promise-in-metastatic-colorectal-cancer."},{"key":"ref_438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bot, A., Scharenberg, A., Friedman, K., Guey, L., Hofmeister, R., Andorko, J.I., Klichinsky, M., Neumann, F., Shah, J.V., and Swayer, A.J. (2025). In Vivo Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cell Therapy. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-025-01291-5"},{"key":"ref_439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-025-01056-7","article-title":"State of the Art in CAR-Based Therapy: In Vivo CAR Production as a Revolution in Cell-Based Cancer Treatment","volume":"48","author":"Esmaeilzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-024-00150-z","article-title":"In Vivo CAR T Cells Move into Clinical Trials","volume":"23","author":"Mullard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_441","unstructured":"(2025, December 11). Bringing CAR-T Cell Production Closer to Patients\u2014Drug Discovery World (DDW). Available online: https:\/\/www.ddw-online.com\/bringing-car-t-cell-production-closer-to-patients-for-more-accessible-therapy-33685-202502\/."},{"key":"ref_442","unstructured":"Lobo, A. (Orna Therapeutics, 2025). Orna Therapeutics Presents New Data Supporting Its in Vivo CAR Programs for Autoimmune Diseases and Oncology at the 67th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, Orna Therapeutics."},{"key":"ref_443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shpiliukova, K., Kachanov, A., Brezgin, S., Chulanov, V., Ivanov, A., Kostyushev, D., and Kostyusheva, A. (2025). m6A RNA Modification: Technologies Behind Future Anti-Cancer Therapy. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30204091"},{"key":"ref_444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00314-2","article-title":"The m6A Modification in Cancer: Roles, Implications, and Its Potential in Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_445","first-page":"125","article-title":"An Overview of Precision Oncology Basket and Umbrella Trials for Clinicians","volume":"70","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-24-0292","article-title":"Minimal Residual Disease as an Early Endpoint for Accelerated Drug Approval in Myeloma: A Roadmap","volume":"6","author":"Landgren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_447","unstructured":"Lobo, A. (Orna Therapeutics, 2025). Orna Therapeutics Announces Multiple Presentations Supporting Its in Vivo CAR Programs for Autoimmune Diseases at the 67th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting, Orna Therapeutics."},{"key":"ref_448","unstructured":"(2025, December 11). Top Takeaways from the 2025 IMWG, ASCO, and EHA Annual Meetings|International Myeloma Foundation. By Dr. Joseph Mikhael. IMF Chief Medical Officer. Published: 13 November 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.myeloma.org\/blog\/top-takeaways-2025-imwg-asco-eha."},{"key":"ref_449","unstructured":"OncLive (2025, December 05). EHA 2025 Insights: Emerging Developments and Future Perspectives for the Multiple Myeloma Treatment Landscape. Available online: https:\/\/www.onclive.com\/view\/eha-2025-insights-emerging-developments-and-future-perspectives-for-the-multiple-myeloma-treatment-landscape."},{"key":"ref_450","unstructured":"Acharya, C. (2025, January 12\u201315). The Immunomodulatory Effects of Daratumumab-Based Therapy on Functional High-Risk Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (FHRMM) Patients Enrolled in the MyDRUG Observational Trial. Proceedings of the EHA2025 Congress, Milan, Italy. Abstract PS1691."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/843\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:06:37Z","timestamp":1768543597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":450,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27020843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27020843","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]}}}