{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:53:02Z","timestamp":1787593982453,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003356","name":"Gazi University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02\/2019-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/2019-31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003356","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study investigates the modulatory effects of gallic acid (GA), 3-hydroxytyrosol (3-HT), and quercetin (QUE) on key cholinesterase enzymes using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) head homogenates as a source of central cholinesterases following in vivo larval exposure. The choice of these plant phenolics was predicated on their cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory effect reported recently by our group. The study utilized D. melanogaster larvae subjected to varying doses of GA, 3-HT, and QUE, subsequently evaluating enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Galanthamine HBr was used as a positive control. All three phenolic compounds exhibited elevated \u0394OD\/min values for BChE inhibition compared to the negative control (ethanol). GA and QUE inhibited AChE, though with lower potency than galanthamine; at 1 mM, GA and QUE achieved 79.23% and 80.98% inhibition, respectively, compared to 98.34% for galanthamine. Interestingly, the effect of 3-HT on AChE was inversely related to the dose. The results indicate that GA and QUE modulate cholinesterase activity in vivo, consistent with our prior in vitro reports. This study also provides the first in vivo evidence of 3-HT\u2019s ChE-modulating activity in Drosophila within a whole-organism model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1768465596000},"page":"859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gallic Acid, 3-Hydroxytyrosol, and Quercetin Modulate Cholinesterase Activity in Drosophila melanogaster"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Tugba","family":"Ucar Akyurek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5850-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Sezer","family":"Senol Deniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Inovabella Biotechnology and R&D Industry and Trade Limited Company, Health and Drug Technology Centre (LHUSTEK), Lokman Hekim University, 06510 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7379-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilkay","family":"Erdogan Orhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Inovabella Biotechnology and R&D Industry and Trade Limited Company, Health and Drug Technology Centre (LHUSTEK), Lokman Hekim University, 06510 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lokman Hekim University, 06510 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Turkish Academy of Sciences (T\u00dcBA), Vedat Dalokay Cad., No. 112, 06670 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4321-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Memet","family":"Gozuboyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional and Evolutionary Genetics Laboratory (FEGL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulnur Ipek","family":"Erdemli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional and Evolutionary Genetics Laboratory (FEGL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guzin","family":"Emecen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional and Evolutionary Genetics Laboratory (FEGL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2004.40.8.850473","article-title":"Butyrylcholinesterase, cholinergic neurotransmission and the pathology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Geula","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.2174\/0113816128264355231121064704","article-title":"A Recent update on pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"29","author":"Kashif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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