{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:38Z","timestamp":1787028578985,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTQ2023-013246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTQ2023-013246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been classically considered a microvascular disease with all diagnostic and therapeutic resources focusing on its vascular components. However, during the past years, the obtained evidence highlighted the critical pathogenic role of early neuronal impairment redefining DR as a neurovascular complication. Retinal neurodegeneration is triggered by chronic hyperglycemia, which activates harmful biochemical pathways that lead to oxidative stress, metabolic overload, glutamate excitotoxicity, inflammation, and neurotrophic factor deficiency. These drivers of neurodegeneration can precede detectable vascular abnormalities. Simultaneously, endothelial injury, pericyte loss, and breakdown of the blood\u2013retinal barrier compromise neurovascular unit integrity and establish a damaging cyclic loop in which neuronal and vascular dysfunctions reinforce each other. The interindividual variability of these processes highlights the need to properly redefine patient phenotyping by using advanced imaging and functional biomarkers. This would allow early detection of neurodegeneration and patient subtype classification. Nonetheless, translation of therapies based on neuroprotection has been limited by classical focus on vascular impairment. To meet this need, several strategies are emerging, with the most promising being those delivered through innovative ocular routes such as topical formulations, sustained-release implants, or nanocarriers. Future advances will depend on proper guidance of these therapies by integrating personalized medicine with multimodal biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:39:37Z","timestamp":1768563577000},"page":"901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neuroprotection in Diabetes Retinal Disease: An Unmet Medical Need"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6443-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3483-652X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Sim\u00f3-Servat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12696","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: Global prevalence, major risk factors, screening practices and public health challenges: A review","volume":"44","author":"Ting","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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