{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T22:30:42Z","timestamp":1768948242335,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["BO\/00037\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO\/00037\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the glycosylation patterns of serum IgG antibodies in relation to COVID-19 infection and vaccination, highlighting the potential of specific glycan profiles as biomarkers for immune responses. Using Spearman correlation analysis, distinct associations among glycan levels and various clinical laboratory parameters were identified, revealing complex, non-linear interactions that influence immune dynamics. Significant differences were observed in sialylated glycan profiles across patient groups, indicating that vaccination and natural infection elicit unique immune mechanisms and suggesting that vaccination induces favorable glycosylation changes. Notably, high-mannose glycans were found to correlate with other glycan types, underscoring their critical role in the immune response and suggesting their potential as biomarkers to differentiate between infection- and vaccination-induced immunity. The findings suggest that understanding these glycosylation dynamics may enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, providing valuable tools for differentiating between immune responses elicited by infection and vaccination. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of glycosylation\u2019s impact on immune function in the context of COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of specific glycan markers, such as sialylated and high-mannose structures, in clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:24:34Z","timestamp":1768901074000},"page":"946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of IgG Glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 Infection vs. Vaccination: A Statistical Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Adri\u00e1na","family":"Kut\u00e1s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Intelligent Technologies Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Garami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy, Ceramic and Polymer Technology, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2672-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csaba","family":"V\u00e1radi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccellino, M. 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