{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:57:56Z","timestamp":1792252676643,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["19K07953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K07953"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["17H04192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04192"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, blood cell counts and serum C3, C4, and CH50 values at baseline and after more than 6-month drug use were measured to elucidate changes in blood cells and complements during relapse prevention therapies for aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+ NMOSD). A total of 70 patients with AQP4+ NMOSD (87% female, median age 56 years) were enrolled. They were divided into the following treatment groups: glucocorticoids and\/or immunosuppressants (GC\/IS, n = 22), inebilizumab\/rituximab (anti-CD19\/20, n = 13), satralizumab (anti-IL-6R, n = 22), and eculizumab\/ravulizumab (anti-C5, n = 13). At baseline, the blood counts and complement levels did not differ among the groups. At follow-up, the neutrophil and platelet counts in the anti-IL-6R group decreased from those at baseline (p &lt; 0.0001 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Compared with the GC\/IS, anti-CD19\/20, and anti-C5 groups, the anti-IL-6R group had lower levels of C3 (p &lt; 0.0001, p &lt; 0.01, and p &lt; 0.05, respectively) and C4 (p &lt; 0.0001, p &lt; 0.01, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the anti-C5 group had significantly lower CH50 levels than the GC\/IS, anti-CD19\/20, and anti-IL-6R groups (p &lt; 0.0001, p &lt; 0.0001, p &lt; 0.05, respectively). In addition, the anti-IL-6R group had lower CH50 levels than the GC\/IS and anti-CD19\/20 groups (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). The present study demonstrated that anti-IL-6R therapy broadly and mildly suppressed the complement system and decreased the neutrophil and platelet counts. It also showed that anti-C5 therapy strongly suppressed total complement activity but did not affect the C3 and C4 levels or blood counts. These findings may have implications for the mode of action of the drugs and the risk of adverse drug reactions, including infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:24:34Z","timestamp":1768901074000},"page":"951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Changes in Blood Cells and Complements During Relapse Prevention Therapies for Aquaporin-4 Antibody-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama 963-8563, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3096-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Fujihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan"},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama 963-8563, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimihiko","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, 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Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoya","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Umezawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, 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Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0248-1595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhei","family":"Nishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital, Yonezawa 992-1202, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7311-2578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuro","family":"Misu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, 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