{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T08:05:55Z","timestamp":1777968355058,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82460795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82460795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82260795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82260795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Joint Special Project for Basic Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["202301AZ070001-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AZ070001-001"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Reserve Talent Programme for Young and Middle-aged Academic and Technical Leaders","award":["202405AC350030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202405AC350030"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Innovative Team for Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome","award":["202505AS350014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202505AS350014"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Southern Medicinal Plants","award":["202105AG070012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202105AG070012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In individuals with diabetes, dysregulation of inflammatory processes hinders the progression of wounds into the proliferative phase, resulting in chronic, non-healing wounds. Total saponins from Rhizoma Panacis majoris (SRPM), bioactive compounds naturally extracted from the rhizome of Panax japonicus C.A.Mey. var. major (Burk.) C.Y.Wu and K.M.Feng, have demonstrated extensive anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the facilitative effects of SRPM on diabetic wound healing, with particular emphasis on its anti-inflammatory actions. A high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ) administration was used to induce type 2 diabetes in rats. After two weeks of oral treatment with SRPM suspension, a wound model was established. Subsequently, a two-week course of combined local and systemic therapy was administered using both SRPM suspension and SRPM gel. SRPM markedly reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, MIP-1\u03b1, TNF-\u03b1, and MCP-1, in both rat tissues and serum. Concurrently, it increases the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, TGF-\u03b21, and PDGF-BB, while also enhancing the expression of the tissue remodelling marker bFGF. Additionally, SRPM significantly decreases the accumulation of apoptotic cells within tissues by downregulating the pro-apoptotic gene Caspase-3, upregulating the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and increasing the expression of the apoptotic cell clearance receptor MerTK. Moreover, SRPM inhibits neutrophil infiltration and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in tissues, promotes macrophage polarisation towards the M2 phenotype, and activates the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling pathway at the molecular level. SRPM promotes the healing of wounds in diabetic rats potentially due to its anti-inflammatory properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:24:34Z","timestamp":1768901074000},"page":"955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Total Saponins from Rhizoma Panacis Majoris Promote Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats by Regulating Inflammatory Dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei-Xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ning","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Duo","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.2021.e11709","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: An overview of the types, symptoms, complications and management","volume":"37","author":"Cloete","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs. 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