{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:04:31Z","timestamp":1790949871071,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["P35219-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P35219-B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multiple and heterogeneous clinical manifestations (e.g., skin lesions, kidney damage, neuropsychiatric dysfunction), that primarily affects women and whose etiology remains unclear. Various therapies that regulate and reduce the immune system activity are in use or are being developed; however, many of them have serious side effects. Therefore, new approaches are needed to maximize remission periods and reduce associated side effects. In this review, we summarize the currently recommended therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the combined use of drugs targeting various dysregulated cellular processes in SLE (i.e., cytokine production, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), phagocytosis) might have therapeutic potential, at least in some disease phenotypes. Preliminary data show that Toll-like receptors 7\/8 (TLR 7\/8) inhibition (e.g., Enpatoran) may reduce interferon-\u03b1 (IFN-\u03b1) production by monocytes and NET formation by neutrophils. Our hypothesis is that future therapies combining compounds that modulate the three cellular processes might result in a better disease management as current therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:24:34Z","timestamp":1768901074000},"page":"956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Can Phagocytosis, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, and IFN-\u03b1 Production in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Be Simultaneously Modulated? A Pharmacological Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Seidlberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sindi","family":"Huti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7748-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santos","family":"Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Division, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria-Princesa (IIS-Princesa), University Hospital La Princesa, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9208-7809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Fenkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2372-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Wietzorrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4691-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Santos-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahita, R.G. 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