{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T20:34:09Z","timestamp":1769027649993,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021772","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research\/University of Jordan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using colorimetric ELISA, this study aims to assess the impact of Gum Arabica (GA) consumption on functional molecular plasma biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) via a prospective cohort of GA-consumers (cases) vs. non-consumer (age- and CKD stage-matched) controls. Cohort\u2019s hypertension (92.5%), dyslipidemia (64.8%), and diabetes mellitus (54.8%) were prevalent; the mean CKD duration was 6.94 years (SD 7.8) for both study groups. Comparable eGFR, sCr, ESR, CRP, HbA1c, FPG, UA, and fasting lipid parameters were in both study arms. In consumer cases, the mean duration of GA-consumption was 1.3 \u00b1 1.1 (range 0.25\u20136) years with a mean dose of 1.7 \u00b1 1.0 (range 0.5\u20136) spoons per day. Leucine-rich alpha 2-glycoprotein, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, sirtuin 1, and SOST\u2013sclerostin 1 were significantly (p value &lt; 0.01) of lower concentrations, but lipocalin 2 and uromodulin were invariably (p value &lt; 0.05) greater in the GA-consumer cases than those of controls. Strikingly, cystatin C, myeloperoxidase, orosomucoid 1, and symmetric dimethylarginine lacked any substantial variations in the GA-consumer cases vs. those in controls (p value &gt; 0.05). Proportional correlations of CKD duration\u2013PAI1 levels and sCr-lipocalin 2 levels but inverse correlations of orosomucoid 1-hypertension duration and SDMA-DBP were evident in cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T11:27:58Z","timestamp":1768908478000},"page":"973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Molecular Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Repair in Kidney Disease Progression in Gum Arabica Modality of CKD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4216-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameeha","family":"AlShelleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"},{"name":"Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2042-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maysa","family":"Suyagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5413-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Alhawari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"},{"name":"Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6754-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nailya","family":"Bulatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1927-0193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violet","family":"Kasabri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3159-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Wahbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"},{"name":"Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8247-9403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izzat","family":"Alawwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"},{"name":"Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7581-2025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Oweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha 22110, Jordan"},{"name":"King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-9654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haneen","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1159\/000517056","article-title":"Urinary Kringle Domain-Containing Protein HGFL: A Validated Biomarker of Early Sickle Cell Anemia-Associated Kidney Disease","volume":"52","author":"Nekhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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