{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:05:54Z","timestamp":1768975554865,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/12376-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/12376-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monogenean parasite infestation in fish leads to economic losses in aquaculture, representing a veterinary challenge and an environmental concern. The common administration procedures of anthelmintics to treat monogeneans in fish have low efficiency and diverse drawbacks. In this study, we produced a nanoparticle using chitosan and alginate, biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharides, as an oral drug delivery material of albendazole anthelmintic for parasite-infected fingerlings of Nile tilapia. The molecular interaction between the biopolymers was optimized and characterized by titration calorimetry. Freeze-drying of nanoparticles resulted in a fine powder with a particle size in the order of 400 nm. The nanoparticles provided 98% encapsulation of albendazole and sustained delivery with predominantly Fickian diffusion. The palatability of the nanoparticle formulation facilitated the oral administration of albendazole. The treatment of 100% prevalence of monogeneans was effective with a six-day dosage providing a total of 915 mg\/kg b.w. of drug, resulting in total parasite clearance after 10 days from the treatment beginning, evidenced by microscopy analysis, and no mortality occurred. Therefore, molecular interactions between biofriendly polyelectrolytes yielded albendazole-carrying nanoparticles for high-efficiency parasite treatment in fish farming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T08:36:33Z","timestamp":1768898193000},"page":"1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Coacervated and Freeze-Dried Polysaccharides-Nanoparticle with Efficient Encapsulation of Albendazole for High-Performance Treatment of Monogenean Parasite Infestation in Tilapia Fish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9s Vicent Cubas","family":"Rengifo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of IctioParasitology and Applied Nanotechnology (LIPAN), Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norma Lorena","family":"Rivadeneyra S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of IctioParasitology and Applied Nanotechnology (LIPAN), Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9 Barbosa","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of IctioParasitology and Applied Nanotechnology (LIPAN), Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5183-8573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael R. M.","family":"Madrid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of NanoBioMaterials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5028-9215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Mertins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of NanoBioMaterials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-6642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick D.","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of IctioParasitology and Applied Nanotechnology (LIPAN), Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talarek, E., Aniszewska, M., Dobrzeniecka, A., Kmiotek, J., and Pokorska-\u015apiewak, M. (2025). Autoimmune Hepatitis After Successful Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection with Direct-Acting Antivirals: A Pediatric Case Report. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14121244"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01608-2","article-title":"The future of cystic fibrosis treatment: From disease mechanisms to novel therapeutic approaches","volume":"402","author":"Graeber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agbosu, E.E., Ledger, S., Kelleher, A.D., Wen, J., and Ahlenstiel, C.L. (2022). Targeted Nanocarrier Delivery of RNA Therapeutics to Control HIV Infection. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071352"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13051","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.13051","article-title":"Cutting-edge technologies for detecting and controlling fish diseases: Current status, outlook, and challenges","volume":"55","author":"Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70032","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70032","article-title":"Therapeutic Efficacy of Monoterpenes in Nile Tilapia Infected with Edwardsiella tarda: A Phytogenic Alternative to Oxytetracycline","volume":"49","author":"Batista","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossouw, J., Trataris-Rebisz, A.N., Tempia, S., Rostal, M.K., Karesh, W.B., and Msimang, V. (2025). Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Brucellosis in a Farming and Animal Health Community in South Africa, 2015\u20132016. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10110302"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00890-y","article-title":"Re-thinking public health: Towards a new scientific logic of routine animal health care in European industrial farming","volume":"8","author":"Bellet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10460-025-10707-2","article-title":"Does \u201cbetter\u201d mean \u201cless\u201d? Sustainable meat consumption in the context of natural pasture-raised beef","volume":"42","author":"Mazac","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Hum. Values"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738592","article-title":"Price transmission and market integration of Bangladesh fish markets","volume":"560","author":"Deb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s41055-019-00063-3","article-title":"Fish Welfare\u2014Between Regulations, Scientific Facts and Human Perception","volume":"5","author":"Seibel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Ethics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10806-014-9506-y","article-title":"Fish Consumption: Choices in the Intersection of Public Concern, Fish Welfare, Food Security, Human Health and Climate Change","volume":"28","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Environ. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2022.2080298","article-title":"Zoonotic diseases of fish and their prevention and control","volume":"42","author":"Ziarati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-015-1102-5","article-title":"Major foodborne pathogens in fish and fish products: A review","volume":"66","author":"Novoslavskij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Shinn, A.J., Pratoomyot, J., Bron, J., Paladini, G., Brooker, E., and Brooker, A. (2015). Economic impacts of aquatic parasites on global finfish production. Glob. Aquacul. Advocate, 82\u201384."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70039","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.70039","article-title":"The Current State of Knowledge of the Economic Impact of Diseases in Global Aquaculture","volume":"17","author":"Maezono","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-017-0938-y","article-title":"An overall estimation of losses caused by diseases in the Brazilian fish farms","volume":"41","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-019-00471-6","article-title":"Reproductive strategies of parasitic flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea): The impact on parasite management in aquaculture","volume":"28","author":"Hoai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-013-0129-7","article-title":"Massive parasitism by Gussevia tucunarense (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in fingerlings of bujurqui-tucunare cultured in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"58","author":"Mathews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-015-0678-9","article-title":"Outbreak of Notozothecium bethae (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in Myleus schomburgkii (Actinopterygii: Characiformes) cultured in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"40","author":"Gonzales","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12952","article-title":"Albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin are effective against monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum (Pisces: Serrasalmidae)","volume":"42","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.09.017","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment efficacy of doxycycline and albendazole against scuticociliatosis in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"416","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Dai, Y., Zhang, Y.-N., Wang, W.-R., Chen, Y.-X., Jin, Y.-G., Sun, L.-J., Li, S.-H., Yang, F., and Li, X.-P. (2025). Depletion of Albendazole and Its Metabolites and Their Impact on the Gut Microbial Community Following Multiple Oral Dosing in Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus). Fishes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes10080410"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.04.009","article-title":"Residue depletion of albendazole and its metabolites in the muscle tissue of large mouth and hybrid striped bass after oral administration","volume":"1216","author":"Shaikh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010322","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612022057","article-title":"Albendazole is effective for controlling monogenean parasites of the gills of Piaractus brachypomus (Serrasalmidae) and Megaleporinus macrocephalus (Anostomidae)","volume":"31","author":"Negreiros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-021-00687-5","article-title":"Albendazole and praziquantel for the control of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)","volume":"29","author":"Farias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"46","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of albendazole and praziquantel for digenean trematode (metacercarial stage) treatment in goldfish (Carassius auratus)","volume":"4","author":"Bunnnajirakul","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mahanakorn Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0140-7783.2003.00534.x","article-title":"Metabolism and residue depletion of albendazole and its metabolites in rainbow trout, tilapia and Atlantic salmon after oral administration","volume":"26","author":"Shaikh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharm. Therap."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15677","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy and bioaccumulation of albendazole in the treatment of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) parasitized by acanthocephalan (Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae)","volume":"53","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquacult. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c08959","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Albendazole and Its Three Metabolites in Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) after Single Oral Administration","volume":"73","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2011.01354.x","article-title":"Residue depletion of albendazole and its metabolites in aquacultured yellow perch (Perca flavescens)","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2006.10.007","article-title":"Vulnerable windows for developmental ethanol toxicity in the Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes)","volume":"80","author":"Oxendine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810490265469","article-title":"Toxicity of Methanol to Fish, Crustacean, Oligochaete Worm, and Aquatic Ecosystem","volume":"23","author":"Kaviraj","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/02757540.2022.2076838","article-title":"Ecotoxic effects of the vehicle solvent dimethyl sulfoxide on Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Brachionus calyciflorus","volume":"38","author":"Bojic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NH00417J","article-title":"DePEGylation strategies to increase cancer nanomedicine efficacy","volume":"4","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamanna, F., Gambardella, A., Contartese, D., Visani, A., and Fini, M. (2021). Nano-Based Biomaterials as Drug Delivery Systems Against Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Nanomaterials, 112.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020530"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Dominguez, D.J., L\u00f3pez-Enr\u00edquez, S., Alba, G., Garnacho, C., Jim\u00e9nez-Cortegana, C., Flores-Campos, R., de la Cruz-Merino, L., Hajji, N., S\u00e1nchez-Margalet, V., and Hontecillas-Prieto, L. (2024). Cancer Nano-Immunotherapy: The Novel and Promising Weapon to Fight Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021195"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-021-00677-7","article-title":"A review article on nanotechnology in aquaculture sustainability as a novel tool in fish disease control","volume":"29","author":"Shreadah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737330","article-title":"Nanotechnology: A next-generation tool for sustainable aquaculture","volume":"546","author":"Sarkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13501","article-title":"High compliance and effective treatment of fish endoparasitic infections with oral drug delivery nanobioparticles: Safety of intestinal tissue and blood parameters","volume":"44","author":"Madrid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b01630","article-title":"Targeted Drug Delivery and Treatment of Endoparasites with Biocompatible Particles of pH-Responsive Structure","volume":"19","author":"Mathews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c00890","article-title":"Efficient Treatment of Fish Intestinal Parasites Applying a Membrane-Penetrating Oral Drug Delivery Nanoparticle","volume":"9","author":"Mathews","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1021\/bm5004515","article-title":"Application of Isothermal Titration Calorimetry for Characterizing Thermodynamic Parameters of Biomolecular Interactions: Peptide Self-Assembly and Protein Adsorption Case Studies","volume":"15","author":"Kabiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-016-5764-4","article-title":"Application of isothermal titration calorimetry in evaluation of protein\u2013nanoparticle interactions","volume":"127","author":"Manfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8760","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SM01345E","article-title":"Isothermal titration calorimetry: Practical approaches and current applications in soft matter","volume":"16","author":"Archer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11279","DOI":"10.1021\/bi050898a","article-title":"Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Studies of the Binding of a Rationally Designed Analogue of the Antimicrobial Peptide Gramicidin S to Phospholipid Bilayer Membranes","volume":"44","author":"Abraham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.07.284","article-title":"Predictive Gibbs-energy approach to crystalline\/amorphous relative stability of nanoparticles: Size-effect calculations and experimental test","volume":"689","author":"Pelegrina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Comp."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05820","article-title":"Safety of oral administration of high doses of ivermectin by means of biocompatible polyelectrolytes formulation","volume":"7","author":"Madrid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.160","article-title":"Polyionic complexes of chitosan-N-arginine with alginate as pH responsive and mucoadhesive particles for oral drug delivery applications","volume":"148","author":"Patta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2023.213525","article-title":"Antibacterial polypeptide-bioparticle for oral administration: Powder formulation, palatability and in vivo toxicity approach","volume":"153","author":"Ramirez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomat. Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthew, S.G., and Najahi-Missaoui, W. (2023). Lyophilization of Nanoparticles, Does It Really Work? Overview of the Current Status and Challenges. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814041"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"379","article-title":"Developing a spectrophotometric method for the estimation of albendazole in solid and suspension forms","volume":"5","author":"Tella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1021\/bm005649a","article-title":"Two Types of Hydrophobic Aggregates in Aqueous Solutions of Chitosan and Its Hydrophobic Derivative","volume":"2","author":"Philippova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.06.073","article-title":"Hybrid crystalline bioparticles with nanochannels encapsulating acemannan from Aloe vera: Structure and interaction with lipid membranes","volume":"673","author":"Madrid","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(01)00095-1","article-title":"Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-014-0246-2","article-title":"Application of Fickian and non-Fickian diffusion models to study moisture diffusion in asphalt mastics","volume":"48","author":"Apeagyei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211103","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.211103","article-title":"Misuse of Beer-Lambert Law and other calibration curves","volume":"9","author":"Delgado","year":"2022","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-021-00670-0","article-title":"Intestinal histological alterations in farmed red-bellied pacu Piaractus brachypomus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) heavily infected by roundworms","volume":"29","author":"Cuadros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2307\/3284227","article-title":"Parasitology Meets Ecology on Its Own Terms: Margolis et al. Revisited","volume":"83","author":"Bush","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/1001\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T17:21:18Z","timestamp":1768929678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/1001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27021001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27021001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]}}}