{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:02:35Z","timestamp":1784055755274,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carotid atherosclerosis remains one of the primary etiological factors underlying ischemic stroke, contributing to adult neurological disability and mortality. In recent years, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression, actively modulating molecular pathways involved in atherogenesis. This systematic review, the first to be exclusively focused on carotid atherosclerosis, aimed at synthesizing current findings on the differential expression of ncRNAs throughout the natural history of the disease, thus providing the first comprehensive attempt to delineate a stage-specific ncRNA expression profile in carotid disease. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus databases in January 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Original studies involving human subjects with carotid atherosclerosis, evaluating the expression of intracellular or circulating ncRNAs, were included and then categorized according to their association with cardiovascular risk factors, carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), presence of atherosclerotic plaques, plaque vulnerability, clinical symptoms, and ischemic stroke. Out of 148 articles initially identified, 49 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in depth. Among the different classes of ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) were the most frequently reported as dysregulated, followed by circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Notably, the majority of identified ncRNAs were implicated in key pathogenic mechanisms such as inflammatory signaling, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic modulation, and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. Collectively, the evidence underscores the association and possible involvement of ncRNAs in the initiation and progression of carotid atherosclerosis and its cerebrovascular complications. Their relative stability in biological fluids and cell-specific expression profiles highlight their strong potential as minimally invasive biomarkers and\u2014possibly\u2014novel therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T08:36:33Z","timestamp":1768898193000},"page":"1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Non-Coding RNA Profile in the Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3617-0496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Sardelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4456-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Bufano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6914-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosetta","family":"Ragusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4798-5196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Laurino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4220-3271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Masini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa, Cardiovascular Division 1, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0716-453X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luna","family":"Gargani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa, Cardiovascular Division 1, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0016-9538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Neglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1637-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"De Caterina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa, Cardiovascular Division 1, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6705-2460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Caselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0106-z","article-title":"Atherosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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