{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:47:00Z","timestamp":1777499220074,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T017619\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T017619\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Welcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212908\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212908\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic allergy is rising globally and placing a significant strain on healthcare systems, yet the understanding of the underpinning mechanisms of allergic sensitization remains incomplete. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as important mediators of immune modulation, due to their diverse cargo, and therefore may play a mechanistic role in allergic sensitization development. Thus, this study investigated whether EVs released by activated dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to allergic sensitization of the common egg allergen, ovalbumin (OVA). DCs were generated from human monocytes cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4, then stimulated with LPS and\/or OVA. EVs were subsequently isolated using size-exclusion chromatography and added to freshly isolated naive T cells at defined time points. T cell responses were then analyzed using spectral flow cytometry. The results highlight that EVs derived from LPS or LPS + OVA-stimulated DCs enhanced IL-4 production and reduced IFN-\u03b3 production in naive T cells from egg-allergic donors, indicating a shift toward a Th2 profile. In healthy donors, LPS-induced DC EVs also suppressed IFN-\u03b3 expression. Notably, EVs alone were insufficient to activate T cells without CD3\/CD28 co-stimulation, suggesting that EVs may function as a \u201cthird signal\u201d shaping T cell polarization. These findings highlight a potential role for DC-derived EVs in initiating allergic sensitization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:48:08Z","timestamp":1768985288000},"page":"1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dendritic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Inflammation in Egg Allergy Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davis","family":"Tucis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0976-2768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgina","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9926-2953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4522-2307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Onion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy C.","family":"Fairclough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.003","article-title":"Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management","volume":"141","author":"Sicherer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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