{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:00:28Z","timestamp":1781643628505,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, numerous researchers have investigated various preventive strategies against respiratory viruses that pose a threat to human health. This study aims to develop a nasal spray formulation based on the natural polysaccharide xanthan gum (XG) and camostat, and to evaluate its dual protective mechanism at the nasal mucosa, the primary entry point for respiratory viral infections. The efficacy of the formulation was assessed through physicochemical characterization, cell-based assays, and animal experiments. Initially, muco-adhesiveness was evaluated by monitoring the drying dispersion area of the test formulation over time on a Petri dish. The combination of XG and camostat exhibited a dispersion area more than ten times larger than that of each component used alone. The antiviral efficacy was demonstrated in both human nasal epithelial cells (HNEc) and an influenza-infected mouse model. The cell-based experiment demonstrated a significant inhibition of viral penetration and replication. Furthermore, suppression of transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) expression, a key factor in influenza virus entry, was observed in mouse lung tissues. These findings suggest that the Camostat\u2013Polysaccharide Dual-Action Nasal Spray (CPNS), currently under development, holds promise as a non-invasive, first-line barrier to prevent the initial infection and replication of respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:11:17Z","timestamp":1768993877000},"page":"1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Nasal Spray Combining Camostat with a Natural Polysaccharide for the Prevention of Viral Infection via Nasal Mucosal Barrier Formation and Entry Inhibition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yujeong","family":"Na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 72 Dugye-ro, Pogok-eup, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si 17028, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7651-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeongyong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 72 Dugye-ro, Pogok-eup, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si 17028, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongjin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 72 Dugye-ro, Pogok-eup, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si 17028, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongseo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 72 Dugye-ro, Pogok-eup, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si 17028, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 72 Dugye-ro, Pogok-eup, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si 17028, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 72 Dugye-ro, Pogok-eup, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si 17028, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4528-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwanyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 72 Dugye-ro, Pogok-eup, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si 17028, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunyoung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CGBIO Co., Ltd., 52 Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si 13215, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonggeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CGBIO Co., Ltd., 52 Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si 13215, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Kug","family":"Eo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute and Core Facility Center for Zoonosis Research, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sokho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biohealth, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan 54150, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tellier, R., Li, Y., Cowling, B.J., and Tang, J.W. 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