{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T18:23:30Z","timestamp":1769279010790,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKM Research University Grant","award":["GUP-2021-038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2021-038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Early diagnosis remains critical for enabling timely intervention. However, detecting the earliest pathological changes is challenging due to the limited availability of reliable biomarkers that reflect early disease pathology in experimental models. This study evaluated molecular markers associated with AD-related processes in a rat model inoculated with human amyloid \u03b2 (A\u03b2)1-42 peptides. We assessed the levels of biomarkers: A\u03b21-42, A\u03b242, phosphorylated tau, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB p65) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in hippocampal tissue and serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A treatment group receiving Kelulut honey was included to evaluate biomarker responsiveness. Results showed significant elevation in hippocampal A\u03b21-42 and phosphorylated tau in diseased rats, with changes in inflammatory markers MCP-1 and NF-\u03baB p65, whereas no significant change was observed in oxidative stress marker SOD1. Serum levels of A\u03b21-42 and MCP-1 did not differ significantly between groups, indicating limited peripheral sensitivity after a month of disease induction. These findings suggest that amyloid-, tau-, and inflammation-related markers in hippocampal tissue may be informative for early pathological changes in this acute model, while serum markers showed limited sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:11:17Z","timestamp":1768993877000},"page":"1059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Molecular Biomarkers in an Amyloid-\u03b2-Induced Rat Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Effects of Kelulut Honey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8279-9917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammara","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-6459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fairus","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayakumar","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9733-8072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Lin","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Fairuz","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2024). 2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. 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