{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:52:21Z","timestamp":1792039941454,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review highlights the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of probiotics and their complex health-related impacts. The main health areas targeted are gastrointestinal inflammation, neuroinflammation, systemic metabolic disorders, and liver conditions. Probiotics work mechanistically to regulate key inflammatory pathways by suppressing nuclear factor (NF-\u03bab) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and activating antioxidant defenses through nuclear erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). They stimulate anti-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin 10 (IL-10) and inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), partly through the regulation of T cells. Probiotics also produce antioxidant metabolites (e.g., exopolysaccharides and short-chain fatty acids), which enhance the host\u2019s resistance to oxidative stress. Supplementation with probiotics improves intestinal inflammation and oxidative injury in gut disorders. Clinical trials suggest that probiotic supplements may reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, while improving cognitive or behavioral outcomes in neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, this review underscores that probiotics have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects within the gut\u2013brain axis and across various organ systems, supporting their use as valuable adjunctive therapies for inflammatory and oxidative stress-related conditions. It further emphasizes that additional mechanistic research and controlled clinical trials are essential to translate these findings into the most effective therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1769009506000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Probiotic Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2274-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga Adriana","family":"Caliman-Sturdza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Suceava County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 720224 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6989-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiana A.","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing (LiveWell), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ancuta Veronica","family":"Lupaescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Lobiuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Codruta","family":"Bran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Suceava County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 720224 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana Elena","family":"Gheorghita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarita, B., Samadhan, D., Hassan, M.Z., and Kovaleva, E.G. (2025). A comprehensive review of probiotics and human health-current prospective and applications. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1487641"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicho\u0144ska, P., and Ziarno, M. (2022). Legumes and Legume-Based Beverages Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Potential Carrier of Probiotics and Prebiotics. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010091"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"22","article-title":"Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics","volume":"Volume 1\u20132","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwok, K.O., Fries, L.R., Silva-Zolezzi, I., Thakkar, S.K., Iroz, A., and Blanchard, C. (2022). Effects of Probiotic Intervention on Markers of Inflammation and Health Outcomes in Women of Reproductive Age and Their Children. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.889040"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71264-y","article-title":"Consumption of a new developed synbiotic yogurt improves oxidative stress status in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Zolghadrpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muro, P., Zhang, L., Li, S., Zhao, Z., Jin, T., Mao, F., and Mao, Z. (2024). The emerging role of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1390351"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220720","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systems View Provides a Unifying Explanation of Its Development","volume":"91","author":"Grobler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominguez-Gortaire, J., Ruiz, A., Porto-Pazos, A.B., Rodriguez-Yanez, S., and Cedron, F. (2025). Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Exploring Pathophysiological Hypotheses and the Role of Machine Learning in Drug Discovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031004"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System","volume":"74","author":"Cazorla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., and Rotondo, J.C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431643","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2431643","article-title":"Probiotic significance of Lactobacillus strains: A comprehensive review on health impacts, research gaps, and future prospects","volume":"16","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01666-w","article-title":"The role of Lactobacillus in inflammatory bowel disease: From actualities to prospects","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S501056","article-title":"Probiotics and Synbiotics: Applications, Benefits, and Mechanisms for the Improvement of Human and Ecological Health","volume":"18","author":"Bhatia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.050","article-title":"Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: Symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles","volume":"128","author":"McCarthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yang, S., Lun, J., Gao, J., Gao, X., Gong, Z., Wan, Y., He, X., and Cao, H. (2020). Inhibitory Effects of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Effector Protein HM0539 on Inflammatory Response Through the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB Axis. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.551449"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.02.006","article-title":"Lactocepin secreted by Lactobacillus exerts anti-inflammatory effects by selectively degrading proinflammatory chemokines","volume":"11","author":"Weiher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.Y., Gu, F., Zhu, C., Yuan, L., Zhu, C., Zhu, M., Yao, J., Hu, P., Zhang, Y., and Dicksved, J. (2022). Epithelial Heat Shock Proteins Mediate the Protective Effects of Limosilactobacillus reuteri in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.865982"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G729","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00132.2007","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of Lactobacillus gasseri expressing manganese superoxide dismutase using the interleukin 10-deficient mouse model of colitis","volume":"293","author":"Carroll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, S.W., Kim, J.K., Lee, K.E., Oh, Y.J., Choi, H.J., Han, M.J., and Kim, D.H. (2020). A Probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri Alleviates Escherichia coli-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Mice by Regulating IL-1\u03b2 Expression and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113441"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9416391","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9416391","article-title":"Probiotic Mixture Protects Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Altering Tight Junction Protein Expressions and Increasing Tregs","volume":"2018","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Yan, L., Yang, J., Xu, C., and Yang, L. (2025). The impact of probiotics on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in patients with diabetes: A meta-research of meta-analysis studies. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1552358"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9416794","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9416794","article-title":"The Preventive Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum ZS62 on DSS-Induced IBD by Regulating Oxidative Stress and the Immune Response","volume":"2021","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matar, A., Damianos, J.A., Jencks, K.J., and Camilleri, M. (2024). Intestinal Barrier Impairment, Preservation, and Repair: An Update. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203494"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Zheng, T., Ding, H., Chen, J., Li, B., Zhang, Q., Yang, S., Zhang, S., and Guan, W. (2023). Exploring the Benefits of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation and Diarrhea\u2014From an Antioxidant Perspective. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071342"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.020","article-title":"Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection","volume":"131","author":"Velcich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322260","article-title":"Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: The expected slimy partners?","volume":"69","author":"Paone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E13843","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13843","article-title":"Intestinal resident macrophages: Multitaskers of the gut","volume":"32","author":"Viola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatia, R., Sharma, S., Bhadada, S.K., Bishnoi, M., and Kondepudi, K.K. (2022). Lactic Acid Bacterial Supplementation Ameliorated the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Gut Inflammation and Dysbiosis in Mice. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.930928"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20808","article-title":"Reduced expression of basal and probiotic-inducible G-CSF in intestinal mononuclear cells is associated with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Martins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i15.2096","article-title":"Probiotics: Shaping the gut immunological responses","volume":"30","author":"Filidou","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virk, M.S., Virk, M.A., He, Y., Tufail, T., Gul, M., Qayum, A., Rehman, A., Rashid, A., Ekumah, J.-N., and Han, X. (2024). The Anti-Inflammatory and Curative Exponent of Probiotics: A Comprehensive and Authentic Ingredient for the Sustained Functioning of Major Human Organs. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16040546"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, N., Garcia-Castillo, V., Yuzawa, M., Islam, M.A., Albarracin, L., Tomokiyo, M., Ikeda-Ohtsubo, W., Garcia-Cancino, A., Takahashi, H., and Villena, J. (2020). Immunobiotic Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937 Alleviates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Differentially Modulating the Transcriptomic Response of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02174"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20736","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei downregulates commensals\u2019 inflammatory signals in Crohn\u2019s disease mucosa","volume":"15","author":"Llopis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.232918","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory capacity of selected lactobacilli in experimental colitis is driven by NOD2-mediated recognition of a specific peptidoglycan-derived muropeptide","volume":"60","author":"Valenti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoermannsperger, G., Clavel, T., Hoffmann, M., Reiff, C., Kelly, D., Loh, G., Blaut, M., H\u00f6lzlwimmer, G., Laschinger, M., and Haller, D. (2009). Post-translational inhibition of IP-10 secretion in IEC by probiotic bacteria: Impact on chronic inflammation. PLoS ONE, 4, Erratum in PLoS ONE 2009, 4, e4365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/annotation\/583d95a8-c18c-4c66-92be-1b1505802d86.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004365"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baradaran Ghavami, S., Asadzadeh Aghdaei, H., Sorrentino, D., Shahrokh, S., Farmani, M., Ashrafian, F., Dore, M.P., Keshavarz Azizi Raftar, S., Mobin Khoramjoo, S., and Zali, M.R. (2021). Probiotic-Induced Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells: A Novel Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158274"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E27125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27125","article-title":"Microbiota substances modulate dendritic cells activity: A critical view","volume":"10","author":"Shvets","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: A narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Petito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c00573","article-title":"c9, t11, c15-CLNA and t9, t11, c15-CLNA from Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058 Ameliorate Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice","volume":"68","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, Y., Kim, T.-R., Sohn, M., Yoo, D., and Park, J. (2025). Protective Effects of a Bifidobacterium-Based Probiotic Mixture on Gut Inflammation and Barrier Function. Microbiol. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres16080168"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200340","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200340","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. plantarum Combination Treatment Ameliorated Colitis Symptoms in a Mouse Model by Altering Intestinal Microbial Composition and Suppressing Inflammatory Response","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12144","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO01900K","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant promotes intestinal mucin production through regulating 5-HT4R and gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almansour, N., Al-Rashed, F., Choudhry, K., Alqaderi, H., Sindhu, S., Al-Mulla, F., and Ahmad, R. (2025). Gut microbiota: A promising new target in immune tolerance. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1607388"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Zhang, Z., Tang, P., Wu, Y., Zhang, A., Li, D., Wang, C.Z., Wan, J.Y., Yao, H., and Yuan, C.S. (2023). Probiotics fortify intestinal barrier function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1143548"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, T., Wang, H., Liu, Z., Liu, Y., Ji, D., Li, B., and Huang, X. (2023). Recent Perspective of Lactobacillus in Reducing Oxidative Stress to Prevent Disease. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030769"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashique, S., Mishra, N., Garg, A., Sibuh, B.Z., Taneja, P., Rai, G., Djearamane, S., Wong, L.S., Al-Dayan, N., and Roychoudhury, S. (2023). Recent updates on correlation between reactive oxygen species and synbiotics for effective management of ulcerative colitis. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1126579"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavel, C.D., Gales, C., Pavel, I.A., and Zamfir, C.L. (2025). The Relevance of Experimental Models in Assessing the Impact of Oxidative Stress on Intestinal Pathology. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186569"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahoo, D.K., Heilmann, R.M., Paital, B., Patel, A., Yadav, V.K., Wong, D., and Jergens, A.E. (2023). Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1217165"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leser, T., and Baker, A. (2024). Molecular Mechanisms of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, LGG\u00ae Probiotic Function. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202402.1631.v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801944","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1801944","article-title":"Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zajac, I.T., Kakoschke, N., Kuhn-Sherlock, B., and May-Zhang, L.S. (2025). The Effect of Ergothioneine Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Memory, and Sleep in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutraceuticals, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/nutraceuticals5030015"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0855-1","article-title":"Ergothioneine, a metabolite of the gut bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri, protects against stress-induced sleep disturbances","volume":"10","author":"Matsuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarid, L., Zanditenas, E., Ye, J., Trebicz-Geffen, M., and Ankri, S. (2022). Insights into the Mechanisms of Lactobacillus acidophilus Activity against Entamoeba histolytica by Using Thiol Redox Proteomics. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0201.v2"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Z., Ling, X., Haseeb, A., Sun, P., Zhang, H., Yin, W., Fan, K., Yang, H., Zhang, Z., and Zhong, J. (2024). Analysis of the anti-PCV2 mechanism of Lactobacillus acidophilus based on non-target metabolomics and high-throughput molecular docking. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1416235"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.114104","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation on antioxidant activity and metabolomic profiles of loquat juice","volume":"171","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2019.1685674","article-title":"Cell-free extracts of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii display antiproliferative and antioxidant activities against HT-29 cell line","volume":"72","author":"Asgary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.104997","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri alleviates diquat induced hepatic impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant system and suppression of NF-\u03baB inflammatory response","volume":"104","author":"Zhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Dhabi, N.A., Valan Arasu, M., Vijayaraghavan, P., Esmail, G.A., Duraipandiyan, V., Kim, Y.O., Kim, H., and Kim, H.-J. (2020). Probiotic and Antioxidant Potential of Lactobacillus reuteriLR12 and Lactobacillus lactisLL10 Isolated from Pineapple Puree and Quality Analysis of Pineapple-Flavored Goat Milk Yoghurt during Storage. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101461"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begunova, A.V., Savinova, O.S., Glazunova, O.A., Moiseenko, K.V., Rozhkova, I.V., and Fedorova, T.V. (2021). Development of Antioxidant and Antihypertensive Properties during Growth of Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri on Cow\u2019s Milk: Fermentation and Peptidomics Study. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010017"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104501","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immune Function, and Antioxidant Capacity of Newborn Foals","volume":"129","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Park, H.-O., and Yoo, W. (2022). Anti-Melanogenic and Antioxidant Effects of Cell-Free Supernatant from Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040788"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobatake, E., Nakagawa, H., Seki, T., and Miyazaki, T. (2017). Protective effects and functional mechanisms of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 against oxidative stress. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177106"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.04.020","article-title":"Investigation of the potential use of Lactobacillus gasseri originated from human breast milk as food additive","volume":"93","author":"Gunyakti","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.04.110","article-title":"Preparation, characteristics and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and proteins-capped selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393","volume":"195","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340903","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1340903","article-title":"The Influence of Probiotic Lactobacillus casei in Combination with Prebiotic Inulin on the Antioxidant Capacity of Human Plasma","volume":"2016","author":"Kleniewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.12.015","article-title":"An insight on antioxidant properties of the intracellular content of Lactobacillus casei CRL-431","volume":"102","author":"Liceaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Z., Ku, S., Lim, T., Park, S.Y., Park, M.S., Ji, G.E., O\u2019Brien, K., and Hwang, K.T. (2021). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Recombinant Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 Expressing Antioxidant Enzymes. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030595"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2015-0685","article-title":"Efficacy of oral Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521 on microflora and antioxidant in mice","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, J., Li, H., Lao, J., Jia, D., Liu, J., Wang, J., Luo, J., Guan, G., and Yin, H. (2023). Antioxidant effects of Bifidobacterium longum T37a in mice weight loss and aging model induced by D-galactose. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02846-5"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2019.05.015","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum LTBL16, a potential probiotic strain from healthy centenarians with strong antioxidant activity","volume":"112","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martorell, P., Alvarez, B., Llopis, S., Navarro, V., Ortiz, P., Gonzalez, N., Balaguer, F., Rojas, A., Chenoll, E., and Ram\u00f3n, D. (2021). Heat-Treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7347: A Whole-Cell Postbiotic with Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Gut-Barrier Protection Properties. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040536"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101259","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Bifidobacterium animalis MSMC83 and its application in set-style probiotic yoghurt","volume":"43","author":"Vitheejongjaroen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, H., Zhang, X., Tong, L., Liu, Q., Liang, X., Bu, Y., Gong, P., Liu, T., Zhang, L., and Xia, Y. (2021). Effect of Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Lactobacillus plantarum Q7 on Gut Microbiota and Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.777147"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, B., Barathan, M., Ng, M.H., and Law, J.X. (2025). Oxidative Stress, Gut Microbiota, and Extracellular Vesicles: Interconnected Pathways and Therapeutic Potentials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073148"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalkan, A.E., BinMowyna, M.N., Raposo, A., Ahmad, M.F., Ahmed, F., Otayf, A.Y., Carrascosa, C., Saraiva, A., and Karav, S. (2025). Beyond the Gut: Unveiling Butyrate\u2019s Global Health Impact Through Gut Health and Dysbiosis-Related Conditions: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081305"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V., Lee, G., Son, H., Koh, H., Kim, E.S., Unno, T., and Shin, J.H. (2023). Butyrate producers, \u201cThe Sentinel of Gut\u201d: Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeutics. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1103836"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, L., Qian, Y., Cui, X., Zhao, J., Ning, Z., Cha, J., Wang, K., Ge, C., Jia, J., and Dou, T. (2025). Immunomodulatory role of gut microbial metabolites: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic frontiers. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1675065"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01333-3","article-title":"Beyond the gut: Decoding the gut\u2013immune\u2013brain axis in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108","article-title":"Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve","volume":"108","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G211","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00128.2012","article-title":"Psychoactive bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) elicits rapid frequency facilitation in vagal afferents","volume":"304","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Tian, P., Zhu, H., Zou, R., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Wang, G., and Chen, W. (2022). Lactobacillus paracasei CCFM1229 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CCFM1228 Alleviated Depression- and Anxiety-Related Symptoms of Chronic Stress-Induced Depression in Mice by Regulating Xanthine Oxidase Activity in the Brain. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061294"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, S.W., Park, H.S., Shin, Y.J., Ma, X., Han, M.J., and Kim, D.H. (2023). Lactobacillus gasseri NK109 and Its Supplement Alleviate Cognitive Impairment in Mice by Modulating NF-\u03baB Activation, BDNF Expression, and Gut Microbiota Composition. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030790"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crocetta, A., Liloia, D., Costa, T., Duca, S., Cauda, F., and Manuello, J. (2024). From gut to brain: Unveiling probiotic effects through a neuroimaging perspective\u2014A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1446854"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20253209","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"13","author":"Freile","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07271-y","article-title":"Engineered probiotics: A new era in treating inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, B., Duan, T., Hu, D., Chen, L., Qiao, L., Song, D., Wang, L., Fan, S., Teng, K., and Wang, W. (2025). Lactobacillus plantarum 17-1 Ameliorates DSS-Induced Colitis by Modulating the Colonic Microbiota Composition and Metabolome in Mice. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202503.0989.v1"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, G., Zang, H., Tang, J., Zhang, H., Yu, J., Jia, H., Zhang, X., and Zhou, J. (2024). Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC33323 affects the intestinal mucosal barrier to ameliorate DSS-induced colitis through the NR1I3-mediated regulation of E-cadherin. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012541"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1045","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1045","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the role of probiotics in modulating immune cells in ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.23444","article-title":"Lactocepin as a protective microbial structure in the context of IBD","volume":"4","author":"Haller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41794.x","article-title":"VSL#3 probiotic-mixture induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis","volume":"100","author":"Bibiloni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-02783-3","article-title":"Can the Evidence-Based Use of Probiotics (Notably Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) Mitigate the Clinical Effects of Antibiotic-Associated Dysbiosis?","volume":"41","author":"Waitzberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggeletopoulou, I., and Triantos, C. (2024). Microbiome Shifts and Their Impact on Gut Physiology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212395"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10151-w","article-title":"An 8-Week Course of Bifidobacterium longum 35624\u00ae Is Associated with a Reduction in the Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Lenoir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186098","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2186098","article-title":"Efficacy of Bifidobacterium longum alone or in multi-strain probiotic formulations during early life and beyond","volume":"15","author":"Mills","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"929","article-title":"Probiotic yogurt Affects Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Factors in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"12","author":"Shadnoush","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, W., Cen, J., Dai, Q., Tao, H., and Peng, L. (2024). Gut microbiota does not play a mediating role in the causal association between inflammatory bowel disease and several its associated extraintestinal manifestations: A Mendelian randomization study. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1296889"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E26571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26571","article-title":"ExpLOring the role of the intestinal MiCrobiome in InflammATory bowel disease-AssocIated SpONdylarthritis (LOCATION-IBD)","volume":"10","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faggiani, I., Fanizza, J., D\u2019Amico, F., Allocca, M., Zilli, A., Parigi, T.L., Barchi, A., Danese, S., and Furfaro, F. (2024). Extraintestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081839"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garavaglia, B., Vallino, L., Ferraresi, A., Visciglia, A., Amoruso, A., Pane, M., Munteanu, C., and Isidoro, C. (2025). The Anti-Inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, and Pro-Autophagy Activities of Probiotics for Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202505.0165.v1"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02942.x","article-title":"A component of polysaccharide peptidoglycan complex on Lactobacillus induced an improvement of murine model of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer","volume":"128","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-024-01496-z","article-title":"Gut\u2013Brain Axis and Neuroinflammation: The Role of Gut Permeability and the Kynurenine Pathway in Neurological Disorders","volume":"44","author":"Kearns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"e47861","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Insights and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"15","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashikawa-Hobara, N., Otsuka, A., Okujima, C., and Hashikawa, N. (2022). Lactobacillus paragasseri OLL2809 Improves Depression-Like Behavior and Increases Beneficial Gut Microbes in Mice. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.918953"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzoli, R., and Pessione, E. (2016). The Neuro-endocrinological Role of Microbial Glutamate and GABA Signaling. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01934"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.014","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ T Cells are Essential for Behavioral Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 in Male BALB\/c mice","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jach, M.E., Serefko, A., Szopa, A., Sajnaga, E., Golczyk, H., Santos, L.S., Borowicz-Reutt, K., and Sieniawska, E. (2023). The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073213"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong, S.J., Tong, T., Chew, J., and Lim, W.L. (2020). Antidepressive Mechanisms of Probiotics and Their Therapeutic Potential. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01361"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varesi, A., Campagnoli, L.I.M., Fahmideh, F., Pierella, E., Romeo, M., Ricevuti, G., Nicoletta, M., Chirumbolo, S., and Pascale, A. (2022). The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012289"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01128-w","article-title":"Probiotics and the Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Update","volume":"42","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01752-8","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial evaluating synbiotic supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Ramadan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01743-1","article-title":"Microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Loh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yassin, L.K., Skrabulyte-Barbulescu, J., Alshamsi, S.H., Saeed, S., Alkuwaiti, S.H., Almazrouei, S., Alnuaimi, A., BaniYas, S., Aldhaheri, D., and Alderei, M. (2025). The microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis in mental and neurodegenerative disorders: Opportunities for prevention and intervention. Front. Aging Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1667448"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, Y.C., Huang, Y.Y., Tsai, S.Y., Kuo, Y.W., Lin, J.H., Ho, H.H., Chen, J.F., Hsia, K.C., and Sun, Y. (2023). Efficacy of Probiotic Supplements on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Inflammatory Biomarkers, Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Function in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia: A 12-Week Randomized, Double-Blind Active-Controlled Study. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010016"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eindor-Abarbanel, A., Healey, G.R., and Jacobson, K. (2021). Therapeutic Advances in Gut Microbiome Modulation in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease from Pediatrics to Adulthood. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212506"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdol Samat, H.N., Razali, N.N., Mahadzir, H., Tengku Muhammad, T.S., Ling, K.-H., Mansor, N.I., and Abidin, S.Z. (2025). The Interplay of Inflammation and Gut-Microbiota Dysbiosis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188905"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7762","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04728-5","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: A Story of the Interaction Between Gut Microbiome and Components of the Immune System","volume":"62","author":"Mohsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1611-4","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Morshedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristofori, F., Dargenio, V.N., Dargenio, C., Miniello, V.L., Barone, M., and Francavilla, R. (2021). Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.578386"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tukaram, K.S., Sopanrao, S.R., and Kacharu, L.O. (2025). Unveiling The Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics: A Review. J. Future Foods.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2025.09.011"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46047-6","article-title":"The effect of probiotic supplementation on the clinical and para-clinical findings of multiple sclerosis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Asghari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirby, T.O., and Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz, J. (2018). The Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis: A Potential Therapeutic Avenue. Med. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci6030069"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magistrelli, L., Contaldi, E., Visciglia, A., Deusebio, G., Pane, M., and Amoruso, A. (2024). The Impact of Probiotics on Clinical Symptoms and Peripheral Cytokines Levels in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Preliminary In Vivo Data. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14111147"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s44337-025-00495-3","article-title":"A comprehensive review on immunological mechanisms and gut-brain pathways linking gut health and neurological disorders","volume":"2","author":"Oyovwi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00307-1","article-title":"Microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70014","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70014","article-title":"Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Segev","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Yan, L., Chen, L., Shen, X., and Zhang, W. (2025). Alleviating effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in non-communicable diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis using the GRADE approach. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-025-00957-5"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf340","article-title":"Glucose Parameters, Inflammation Markers, and Gut Microbiota Changes of Gut Microbiome-Targeted Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2014Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"110","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00354-7","article-title":"The effect of a new developed synbiotic yogurt consumption on metabolic syndrome components in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Zolghadrpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez, L., Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Mart\u00ednez-Guardado, I., Navarro-Jim\u00e9nez, E., Laborde-C\u00e1rdenas, C.C., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2023). The Role of Adipokines in Health and Disease. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051290"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Liu, Y., Shao, C., Jiang, C., Wu, L., Xiao, J., and Tang, L. (2025). Gut Microbiota-Targeted Therapeutics for Metabolic Disorders: Mechanistic Insights into the Synergy of Probiotic-Fermented Herbal Bioactives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125486"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9250002","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2024.9250002","article-title":"Effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pezzino, S., Sofia, M., Faletra, G., Mazzone, C., Litrico, G., La Greca, G., and Latteri, S. (2022). Gut\u2013Liver Axis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Vicious Circle of Dysfunctions Orchestrated by the Gut Microbiome. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111622"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.08.028","article-title":"Intestinal barrier in chronic gut and liver diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musazadeh, V., Faghfouri, A.H., Zarezadeh, M., Pakmehr, A., Moghaddam, P.T., Hamedi-Kalajahi, F., Jahandideh, A., and Ghoreishi, Z. (2023). Remarkable impacts of probiotics supplementation in enhancing of the antioxidant status: Results of an umbrella meta-analysis. Front. Nutr., 10, Erratum in Front Nutr. 2024, 11, 1371746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1371746.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1117387"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.06.007","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiome-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate in Hepatobiliary Diseases","volume":"193","author":"Pant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Lei, L., Shi, W., Li, X., Huang, X., Lan, L., Lin, J., Liang, Q., Li, W., and Yang, J. (2024). Probiotics are beneficial for liver cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1379333"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000506","article-title":"Role of microbiome in autoimmune liver diseases","volume":"80","author":"Schneider","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acierno, C., Nevola, R., Rinaldi, L., Sasso, F.C., Adinolfi, L.E., and Caturano, A. (2025). The Intestinal Thread of Fate: How the Microbiota Shapes the Story of Liver Disease. Livers, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/livers5020017"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiou, Y.Y., Chiu, T.Y., and Chen, M.J. (2025). Probiotic Supplementation and Inflammatory Status in Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102303"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16273","article-title":"An update and overview of the various health-related benefits of probiotics: A focus on clinical trials demonstrating efficacy, tolerability and use in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Toshimitsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3\u2014An antimicrobial and antioxidative probiotic","volume":"21","author":"Mikelsaar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"54","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3: A Breakthrough in Glutathione Therapy","volume":"21","author":"Pelton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"E37567","article-title":"The Effects of Probiotics on Cholesterol Levels in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Momin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"E86292","article-title":"The Promising Role of Probiotics in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Their Implication in Reducing Coronary Artery Disease: A Literature Review","volume":"17","author":"Hashish","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13762","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk of dietary trimethylamine oxide precursors and the therapeutic potential of resveratrol and its derivatives","volume":"14","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07224-5","article-title":"A systematic review of TMAO, microRNAs, and the oral\/gut microbiomes in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: Mechanistic insights and translational opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Motte","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-08114-w","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in ischemic stroke: When glycolytic overdrive meets lipid storm","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M., Islam, F., -Or-Rashid, M.H., Mamun, A.A., Rahaman, M.S., Islam, M.M., Meem, A.F.K., Sutradhar, P.R., Mitra, S., and Mimi, A.A. (2022). The Gut Microbiota (Microbiome) in Cardiovascular Disease and Its Therapeutic Regulation. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.903570"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Z., Ma, C., Ru, X., Zhang, S., Wu, C., Huang, Y., Cen, H., Yin, Z., and Zhang, J. (2024). Effects of probiotic treatment on patients and animals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1411222"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, C., Colaianni, V., Ielo, G., Valle, M.S., Spicuzza, L., and Malaguarnera, L. (2022). Impact of Lung Microbiota on COPD. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061337"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, F., Li, L., Wang, J., and Yang, H. (2025). Advances in gut-lung axis research: Clinical perspectives on pneumonia prevention and treatment. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1576141"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrasekaran, P., Weiskirchen, S., and Weiskirchen, R. (2024). Effects of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116022"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deepika Alsharari, Z.D., Ahmad, M.F., Singh, J., Yadav, M., Kumari, A., Kumar, A., Matthews, K.R., Aluko, R.E., Raposo, A., and Albaridi, N.A. (2025). Gut-lung axis, probiotics, and prebiotics: Insights on dysbiosis, mechanism, and prevention of lung cancer. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1624803"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Jin, Z., Zhang, P., Su, H., and Sun, X. (2022). Effect of Probiotics on Respiratory Tract Allergic Disease and Gut Microbiota. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.821900"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi, Z., Fenglin, X., Yun, Z., and Chunrong, L. (2025). Efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of allergic diseases: A meta-analysis. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1502390"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cedillo-Flores, R., Cuevas-Budhart, M.A., Cavero-Redondo, I., Kappes, M., \u00c1vila-D\u00edaz, M., and Paniagua, R. (2025). Impact of Gut Microbiome Modulation on Uremic Toxin Reduction in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.21.25322662"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ghamdi, S.B. (2025). Probiotics as Renal Guardians: Modulating Gut Microbiota to Combat Diabetes-Induced Kidney Damage. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020122"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac154","article-title":"Decreasing microbiota-derived uremic toxins to improve CKD outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Beker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, N., Li, L., Ng, J.K.-C., and Li, P.K.-T. (2022). The Potential Benefits and Controversies of Probiotics Use in Patients at Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194044"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, P., Letarouilly, J.-G., Nguyen, Y., Sigaux, J., Barnetche, T., Czernichow, S., Flipo, R.-M., Sellam, J., and Da\u00efen, C. (2022). Efficacy of Probiotics in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020354"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habiballah, D.N., Li, F., and Jiang, L. (2025). Immune metabolic restoration in systemic lupus erythematosus: The impact of gut microbiota, probiotics, and nutritional synergy. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1602235"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16102-5","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis-alleviating effects of lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5195 paraprobiotics through microbiome modulation and safety assessment via genomic characterization and in vitro analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7etinarslan, T., K\u00fcmper, L., and F\u00f6lster-Holst, R. (2023). The immunological and structural epidermal barrier dysfunction and skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis\u2014An update. Front. Mol. Biosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1159404"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118655","article-title":"Current perspectives on the human skin microbiome: Functional insights and strategies for therapeutic modulation","volume":"193","author":"Suri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2015.02.001","article-title":"The effect of probiotics on immune regulation, acne, and photoaging","volume":"1","author":"Kober","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16299","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotic supplementation in the treatment of psoriasis\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"9188","article-title":"The role of gut microbiome in inflammatory skin disorders: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Widhiati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acevedo-Rom\u00e1n, A., Pag\u00e1n-Zayas, N., Vel\u00e1zquez-Rivera, L.I., Torres-Ventura, A.C., and Godoy-Vitorino, F. (2024). Insights into Gut Dysbiosis: Inflammatory Diseases, Obesity, and Restoration Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179715"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000188","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000188","article-title":"Microbial Metabolites, Postbiotics, and Intestinal Epithelial Function","volume":"65","author":"Mayorgas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47273-w","article-title":"Immunoregulatory role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory depression","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foey, A., Habil, N., Strachan, A., and Beal, J. (2022). Lacticaseibacillus casei Strain Shirota Modulates Macrophage-Intestinal Epithelial Cell Co-Culture Barrier Integrity, Bacterial Sensing and Inflammatory Cytokines. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10102087"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y.-T., Peng, Y.-C., Yen, H.-Y., Wu, J.-C., and Hou, W.-H. (2022). Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Immune and Inflammatory Markers in Athletes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58091188"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4012","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i30.4012","article-title":"Clinical trial: Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (DSM 9843) improves symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Sawant","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12403","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children--updated analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Szajewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13404","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children and adults","volume":"42","author":"Szajewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S117886","article-title":"Probiotics improve the efficacy of standard triple therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Wang, J., Wang, N., Sun, F., Wang, L., and Liu, X.-H. (2015). The Efficacy and Safety of the Probiotic Bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for Infantile Colic: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141445"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1056-1","article-title":"Daily intake of fermented milk with Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota reduces the incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract infections in healthy middle-aged office workers","volume":"56","author":"Shida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04259-8","article-title":"Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"357","author":"Salminen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513001037","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 in fermented milk on abdominal adiposity in adults in a randomised controlled trial","volume":"110","author":"Kadooka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.09.003","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Akkasheh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915254","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Lactin-V to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"382","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.04.032","article-title":"Reappraisal of probiotics\u2019 safety in human","volume":"129","author":"Sotoudegan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.104","article-title":"Probiotic supplements might not be universally-effective and safe: A review","volume":"111","author":"Kothari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0343","article-title":"Harms Reporting in Randomized Controlled Trials of Interventions Aimed at Modifying Microbiota: A Systematic Review","volume":"169","author":"Bafeta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1086\/368080","article-title":"Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifidobacteria","volume":"36","author":"Borriello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lerner, A., Shoenfeld, Y., and Matthias, T. (2019). Probiotics: If It Does Not Help It Does Not Do Any Harm. Really? Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7040104"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14270","article-title":"Guidance on the use of probiotics in clinical practice in children with selected clinical conditions and in specific vulnerable groups","volume":"107","author":"Hojsak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofw164","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw164","article-title":"Probiotics in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Systematic Review and Evidence Synthesis of Benefits and Risks","volume":"3","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2018.0159","article-title":"Dealing with the remaining controversies of probiotic safety","volume":"10","author":"Claassen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katkowska, M., Garbacz, K., and Kusiak, A. (2021). Probiotics: Should All Patients Take Them?. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122620"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141oniewski, I., Skonieczna-\u017bydecka, K., So\u0142ek-Pastuszka, J., and Marlicz, W. (2022). Probiotics in the Management of Mental and Gastrointestinal Post-COVID Symptomes. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175155"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kezer, G., Paramithiotis, S., Khwaldia, K., Harahap, I.A., \u010cagalj, M., \u0160imat, V., Smaoui, S., Elfalleh, W., Ozogul, F., and Esatbeyoglu, T. (2025). A comprehensive overview of the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on the gut-brain axis. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1651965"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFarland, L.V., Evans, C.T., and Goldstein, E.J.C. (2018). Strain-Specificity and Disease-Specificity of Probiotic Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00124"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001052","article-title":"Effectiveness of Multistrain Versus Single-strain Probiotics: Current Status and Recommendations for the Future","volume":"52","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondanelli, M., Borromeo, S., Cavioni, A., Gasparri, C., Gattone, I., Genovese, E., Lazzarotti, A., Minonne, L., Moroni, A., and Patelli, Z. (2025). Therapeutic Strategies to Modulate Gut Microbial Health: Approaches for Chronic Metabolic Disorder Management. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15020127"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vavricka, S.R., Bartoli, C., and Castillo, C. (2025). Primary care and specialist physicians\u2019 prescribing preferences for concurrent probiotic-antibiotic therapy: A multinational clinical practice survey across 13 countries. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1685840"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185034","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2185034","article-title":"Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Merenstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, H., Fujii, T., Yamada, C., Kondo, N., Kuramitsu, K., Funasaka, K., Ohno, E., Hirooka, Y., Tochio, T., and Fujiki, K. (2025). Host Dietary Nutrients Shape GH32-Mediated Microbial Responses to Prebiotic Fructans: A Randomized Trial. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14234090"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00499-1","article-title":"The promise of the gut microbiome as part of individualized treatment strategies","volume":"19","author":"Schupack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K., Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Li, H., Long, D., Yan, S., Huang, W., Long, R., and Huang, X. (2020). Ethnic Differences Shape the Alpha but Not Beta Diversity of Gut Microbiota from School Children in the Absence of Environmental Differences. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020254"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/1079\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:33:01Z","timestamp":1769009581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/1079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":201,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27021079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27021079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}}}