{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T02:29:02Z","timestamp":1784687342374,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["SECTEI\/159\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECTEI\/159\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["SECTEI\/138\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECTEI\/138\/2025"]}]},{"name":"UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT","award":["IN210224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN210224"]}]},{"name":"Valenciana Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is strongly associated with chronic inflammation. Neutrophils contribute to this inflammatory milieu, and the hyperosmolar stress-responsive transcription factor NFAT5 and its downstream effector aldose reductase (AR) may play crucial roles in this process. NFAT5 regulates AR, which converts glucose to sorbitol; excessive sorbitol accumulation promotes endothelial and retinal cell damage. Given the links between NFAT5, metabolic stress and immune activation, dysregulation of the NFAT5\u2013AR axis in neutrophils may contribute to DR pathophysiology. This study evaluated NFAT5 and AR expression in peripheral blood neutrophils from 150 individuals classified as nondiabetic (n = 50), T2D without DR (n = 50), or T2D with DR (n = 50). Clinical, metabolic, and ophthalmic assessments were performed, and neutrophils were isolated to quantify NFAT5 and AR via ELISA. Associations with renal function, plasma osmolarity (pOSM), and hematological inflammatory ratios (NLR, NMR, NPAR, and SII) were analyzed. T2D-DR subjects presented impaired renal parameters, increased pOSM, reduced eGFR, and elevated NLR and NPAR. NFAT5 and AR levels were significantly increased in T2D-DR neutrophils and correlated positively with pOSM and the inflammatory ratios, whereas NFAT5 correlated inversely with the eGFR. These findings suggest that activation of the NFAT5\u2013AR pathway contributes to neutrophil-driven inflammatory and hyperosmolar dysregulation in T2D and may influence DR progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:16:59Z","timestamp":1769159819000},"page":"1102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The NFAT5\u2013AR Axis Is Associated with Hyperosmolarity, Renal Dysfunction, and Neutrophil-Related Inflammatory Markers in Diabetic Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1535-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima Sof\u00eda","family":"Maga\u00f1a-Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Tissue Biology Department, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Cimpalpopoca 14, Mexico City 06800, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4529-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Buentello-Volante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Tissue Biology Department, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Cimpalpopoca 14, Mexico City 06800, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Maga\u00f1a-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Tissue Biology Department, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Cimpalpopoca 14, Mexico City 06800, Mexico"},{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7745-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Vivanco-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Tissue Biology Department, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Cimpalpopoca 14, Mexico City 06800, Mexico"},{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0901-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Tissue Biology Department, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Cimpalpopoca 14, Mexico City 06800, Mexico"},{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3753-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonathan","family":"Garfias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Tissue Biology Department, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Cimpalpopoca 14, Mexico City 06800, Mexico"},{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1366278","article-title":"Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus","volume":"122","author":"Kerner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161117666190502103733","article-title":"Microvascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Faselis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1618","article-title":"Effect of glycemic exposure on the risk of microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial--revisited","volume":"57","author":"Lachin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)91020-X","article-title":"The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XVII. The 14-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Klein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magana-Guerrero, F.S., Aguayo-Flores, J.E., Buentello-Volante, B., Zarco-Avila, K., Sanchez-Cisneros, P., Castro-Salas, I., De la Torre-Galvan, E., Rodriguez-Loaiza, J.L., Jimenez-Corona, A., and Garfias, Y. (2023). Spontaneous Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Release Are Inflammatory Markers Associated with Hyperglycemia and Renal Failure on Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11071791"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103540","article-title":"Investigating neutrophil responses to stimuli: Comparative analysis of reactive species-dependent and independent mechanisms","volume":"81","author":"Reis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-021-05147-x","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Some Aspects of Leukocyte Activation In Vitro","volume":"170","author":"Mikhalchik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2021.106098","article-title":"Role of neutrophils in type 2 diabetes and associated atherosclerosis","volume":"141","author":"Keeter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R65","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-20-0128","article-title":"NETosis contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications","volume":"65","author":"Njeim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2023.0149","article-title":"Macrophage and Neutrophil Dysfunction in Diabetic Wounds","volume":"13","author":"Clayton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7843","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S337488","article-title":"The Role of Different Inflammatory Indices in the Diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Eissa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"361","article-title":"Indice de inmunidad-inflamacion sistemica (IIS) como marcador pronostico de mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19","volume":"91","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cir. Cir."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorun, O.M., Ratiu, A., Citu, C., Cerbu, S., Gorun, F., Popa, Z.L., Crisan, D.C., Forga, M., Daescu, E., and Motoc, A. (2024). The Role of Inflammatory Markers NLR and PLR in Predicting Pelvic Pain in Endometriosis. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010149"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/17520363.2025.2525072","article-title":"Neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio as a novel predictor of mortality in HBV-Related acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"19","author":"Waili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80801-8","article-title":"Predictive role of neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and systemic immune-inflammation index for mortality in patients with MASLD","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002543","article-title":"Associations of the NPAR index with breast cancer incidence and mortality based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001\u20132018: A cross-sectional study","volume":"111","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1260","article-title":"Elevated activity of transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) and diabetic nephropathy","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, N., Kim, D., and Kim, W.U. (2019). Role of NFAT5 in the Immune System and Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00270"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C776","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1992.262.3.C776","article-title":"Kidney aldose reductase gene transcription is osmotically regulated","volume":"262","author":"Smardo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"16","article-title":"NFAT5: A stress-related transcription factor with multiple functions in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Garfias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Stress"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2012.012052","article-title":"Elevated extracellular glucose and uncontrolled type 1 diabetes enhance NFAT5 signaling and disrupt the transverse tubular network in mouse skeletal muscle","volume":"237","author":"Robison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0342-4","article-title":"High glucose-induced hyperosmolarity contributes to COX-2 expression and angiogenesis: Implications for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"15","author":"Madonna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2020.106678","article-title":"Simulated hyperglycemia impairs insulin signaling in endothelial cells through a hyperosmolar mechanism","volume":"130","author":"Madonna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-021-01343-5","article-title":"Aldose Reductase: A cause and a potential target for the treatment of diabetic complications","volume":"44","author":"Thakur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000077408.15865.06","article-title":"Contribution of polyol pathway to diabetes-induced oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"Chung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorne, C.A., Gray, A.C., Lim, J.C., and Donaldson, P.J. (2024). The Synergistic Effects of Polyol Pathway-Induced Oxidative and Osmotic Stress in the Etiology of Diabetic Cataracts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25169042"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3492-x","article-title":"Osmotic expression of aldose reductase in retinal pigment epithelial cells: Involvement of NFAT5","volume":"254","author":"Winges","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02331-8","article-title":"Tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein promotes diabetic neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment via upregulation of lipocalin-2","volume":"18","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.03.001","article-title":"Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein regulates the expression of aldose reductase and protein kinase C delta in a mouse model of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"122","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11302-w","article-title":"TonEBP\/NFAT5 promotes obesity and insulin resistance by epigenetic suppression of white adipose tissue beiging","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0241-6","article-title":"Fine-mapping type 2 diabetes loci to single-variant resolution using high-density imputation and islet-specific epigenome maps","volume":"50","author":"Mahajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavanagh, D.H., Savage, D.A., Patterson, C.C., McKnight, A.J., Crean, J.K., Maxwell, A.P., McKay, G.J., and Warren 3\/UK GoKinD Study Group (2013). Haplotype association analysis of genes within the WNT signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy. BMC Nephrol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-126"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201404556","article-title":"Phagocytosis-dependent activation of a TLR9-BTK-calcineurin-NFAT pathway co-ordinates innate immunity to Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"7","author":"Herbst","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2015.02.004","article-title":"NFAT1 promotes intratumoral neutrophil infiltration by regulating IL8 expression in breast cancer","volume":"9","author":"Kaunisto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Duan, S., Li, Z., Li, G., and Yu, H. (2023). Single and combined use of the platelet-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and systemic immune-inflammation index in gastric cancer diagnosis. Front. Oncol., 13, Correction in Front. Oncol. 2023, 13, 1200951.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1200951"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/17520363.2025.2511468","article-title":"First-trimester neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio: A novel predictor for preeclampsia","volume":"19","author":"Bicer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011121190176","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399817999210111205532","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Renal Function: Current Medical Research and Opinion","volume":"17","author":"Shahwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2478\/jomb-2018-0021","article-title":"Relationship Between Hematological Parameters and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients","volume":"38","author":"Milosevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.6.1150","article-title":"Can hematological parameters in type 2 diabetes predict microvascular complication development?","volume":"35","author":"Onalan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13763","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15954","article-title":"Phosphorylated STAT3 suppresses microRNA-19b\/1281 to aggravate lung injury in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01614-x","article-title":"Activation of the transcription factor NFAT5 in the tumor microenvironment enforces CD8(+) T-cell exhaustion","volume":"24","author":"Tille","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001325","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001325","article-title":"Correlation between markers of renal function and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal study in an Indian clinic population","volume":"8","author":"Rajalakshmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01204-6","article-title":"Diabetic Retinopathy and Clinical Parameters Favoring the Presence of Diabetic Nephropathy could Predict Renal Outcome in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease","volume":"7","author":"Hung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02700-0","article-title":"Distinct osmoregulatory responses to sodium loading in patients with altered glycosaminoglycan structure: A randomized crossover trial","volume":"19","author":"Wenstedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v5.i1.20","article-title":"How do kinases contribute to tonicity-dependent regulation of the transcription factor NFAT5?","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.002","article-title":"Increased inflammation, oxidative stress and a reduction in antioxidant defense enzymes in perivascular adipose tissue contribute to vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes","volume":"146","author":"Azul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2015.08.013","article-title":"SIRT1 contributes to aldose reductase expression through modulating NFAT5 under osmotic stress: In vitro and in silico insights","volume":"27","author":"Timucin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0120","article-title":"NFAT5 is differentially expressed in Sprague\u2014Dawley rat tissues in response to high salt and high fructose diets","volume":"42","author":"Herman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"e63731","article-title":"Stress, Hyperglycemia, and Insulin Resistance Correlate With Neutrophil Activity and Impact Acute Myocardial Infarction Outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Barbu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uribe-Querol, E., and Rosales, C. (2022). Neutrophils Actively Contribute to Obesity-Associated Inflammation and Pathological Complications. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121883"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.01.020","article-title":"Role of aldose reductase in diabetes-induced retinal microglia activation","volume":"302","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2025.101614","article-title":"Microglial NFAT5 aggravates neuroinflammation by mediating NLRP6 inflammasome in experimental ischemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Gan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H.J., Kim, Y.H., Choi, H.N., Kim, T., Kim, S.J., Kang, M.W., and Lee, S.D. (2024). TonEBP\/NFAT5 expression is associated with cisplatin resistance and migration in macrophage-induced A549 cells. BMC Mol. Cell Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-024-00502-y"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.03.030","article-title":"Macrophage transcription factor TonEBP promotes systemic lupus erythematosus and kidney injury via damage-induced signaling pathways","volume":"104","author":"Yoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/1102\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:21:14Z","timestamp":1769160074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/1102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27021102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27021102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}}}