{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T20:07:12Z","timestamp":1769285232010,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013129","name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2022-00167156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00167156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interaction between the gut microbiota and human health has gained increasing recognition, accelerating advances in microbiome research. While early studies have emphasized probiotics, concerns regarding antibiotic resistance and adverse effects, such as sepsis, have shifted research interest towards heat-treated microbial cells or postbiotics. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of heat-killed postbiotic Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001\u2014one of the most widely used postbiotics worldwide\u2014for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy. In vitro, mouse C2C12 myotubes were pretreated with heat-killed postbiotic EF-2001 (50\u2013500 \u03bcg\/mL) for 48 h and then treated with dexamethasone (100 \u03bcM) to induce muscle atrophy. In vivo, male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with low-dose (3 mg\/kg) and high-dose (30 mg\/kg) EF-2001 for efficacy studies. Heat-killed postbiotic EF-2001 attenuated cellular and DNA damage in dexamethasone-induced C2C12 myotubes. Specifically, heat-killed postbiotic EF-2001 increased AKT phosphorylation while suppressing Atrogin-1 expression, thereby alleviating muscle atrophy. In a Sprague Dawley rat model, heat-killed postbiotic EF-2001 significantly reduced dexamethasone-induced muscle loss by regulating muscle atrophy-associated signaling pathways, including Atrogin-1 expression. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that heat-killed EF-2001 alleviates dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy and support its potential as a postbiotic. This study provides a solid foundation for future human clinical studies by establishing preclinical evidence for the biological activity of heat-killed EF-2001.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:16:59Z","timestamp":1769159819000},"page":"1105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Heat-Killed Postbiotic Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 on Muscle Volume and Grip Strength in Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in SD Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jin-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5352-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwon-Il","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Center, bereum Co., Ltd., Wonju 26362, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8144-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunwoo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3400-4611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juyeong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8113-2301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-ah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bon Seo","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yura","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Center, bereum Co., Ltd., Wonju 26362, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunhwa","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Center, bereum Co., Ltd., Wonju 26362, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tack-Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2200","article-title":"The administration of Fructus Schisandrae attenuates dexamethasone-induced sarcopenia in mice","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105807","article-title":"Skeletal sarcopenia: From mechanisms to treatments","volume":"172","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2022.102210","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms in brain aging: Focus on physiological and pathological aging","volume":"128","author":"Alejandre","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2020.405","article-title":"Sarcopenia and muscle aging: A brief overview","volume":"35","author":"Dao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"177","article-title":"Clinical Definition of Sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Santilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"913","article-title":"Immunological benefits of Enterococcus faecalis 2001 in healthy volunteers","volume":"49","author":"Takahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr.23.0009","article-title":"Korean Working Group on Sarcopenia Guideline: Expert Consensus on Sarcopenia Screening and Diagnosis by the Korean Society of Sarcopenia, the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research, and the Korean Geriatrics Society","volume":"27","author":"Baek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Geriatr. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"286","article-title":"Antibiotic options for Enterococcus faecalis infection","volume":"22","author":"Abdulla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-45","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Burden and Challenges for Public Health","volume":"72","author":"Beaudart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001854","article-title":"Cutting edge: Crohn\u2019s disease-associated Nod2 mutation limits production of proinflammatory cytokines to protect the host from Enterococcus faecalis-induced lethality","volume":"187","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr.19.0028","article-title":"Pharmacological Interventions for Treatment of Sarcopenia: Current Status of Drug Development for Sarcopenia","volume":"23","author":"Kwak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Geriatr. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00026-12","article-title":"The Spx regulator modulates stress responses and virulence in Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"80","author":"Kajfasz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E469","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00204.2014","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and the E3 Ubiquitin Ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx\/Atrogin-1","volume":"307","author":"Bodine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peris-Moreno, D., Cussonneau, L., Combaret, L., Polge, C., and Taillandier, D. (2021). Ubiquitin Ligases at the Heart of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Control. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020407"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108404","article-title":"Curcumin Ameliorates CKD-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress through Inhibiting GSK-3\u03b2 Activity","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120619","article-title":"Methylsulfonylmethane relieves cobalt chloride-induced hypoxic toxicity in C2C12 myoblasts","volume":"301","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001371","article-title":"Dexamethasone compared to prednisone for the treatment of children with acute asthma exacerbations","volume":"34","author":"Abaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"12","article-title":"Is Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy an Alternative Model for Naturally Aged Sarcopenia Model?","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y.H., Jang, J.Y., Lee, J.H., Choi, Y.W., Choi, Y.H., and Kim, N.D. (2023). Loquat leaf extract inhibits oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis via AMPK and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathways in C2C12 cells. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13010572"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.03.003","article-title":"Metabolic Functions of Glucocorticoid Receptor in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"380","author":"Kuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.H., Kwon, Y., Park, S., Kim, T., Kim, M.S., Kim, E.J., and Choi, S.E. (2024). The Impact of Ulmus macrocarpa Extracts on a Model of Sarcopenia-Induced C57BL\/6 Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116197"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-022-0310-7","article-title":"Improvement of oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity of Angelica keiskei (Miq.) Koidz. leaves extract through activation of heme oxygenase-1 in C2C12 murine myoblasts","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100298","article-title":"Therapeutic Perspectives of Pre-, Pro-, Post-Biotics in the Treatment of Sarcopenia","volume":"28","author":"Rolland","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70205","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70205","article-title":"The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Musculoskeletal Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70586","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70586","article-title":"Probiotic-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Sarcopenia via Muscle Regeneration","volume":"90","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, S.H., Hwang, S., Seo, K.H., Park, Y., Kim, M.J., and Kim, H. (2025). Bioconversion-Based Postbiotics Enhance Muscle Strength and Modulate Gut Microbiota in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17243937"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10045-x","article-title":"The Current and Future Perspectives of Postbiotics","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1002\/efd2.47","article-title":"Review on the Current Trends and Future Perspectives of Postbiotics for Developing Healthier Foods","volume":"3","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Yuan, C., He, J., Li, W., and Liao, C. (2025). Current Research Status and Trends in the Bioactivity of Postbiotics. Front. Food Sci. Technol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/frfst.2025.1692683"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Kim, K., Park, J., and Jun, W. (2021). Curcuma longa L. Water extract improves dexamethasone-induced sarcopenia by modulating the muscle-related gene and oxidative stress in mice. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071000"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furukawa, K., Kousaka, M., Jia, H., and Kato, H. (2022). Suppressive effects of turmeric extract on muscle atrophy in dexamethasone-treated mice and myotubes. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193979"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6214","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c00699","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates sarcopenia in chronic forced exercise executed aged mice by regulating muscle degradation and protein synthesis with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24027","article-title":"Preventive effect of fermented whey protein mediated by Lactobacillus gasseri IM13 via the PI3K\/AKT\/FOXO pathway in sarcopenia","volume":"107","author":"Jang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115163","article-title":"Cordycepin inhibits myogenesis via activating the ERK1\/2 MAPK signalling pathway in C2C12 cells","volume":"165","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.02.034","article-title":"Yap is a novel regulator of C2C12 myogenesis","volume":"393","author":"Watt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-022-01002-2","article-title":"Protective effects of saffron extract and resistance training against atrophic markers: A study on rats with dexamethasone-induced sarcopenia","volume":"19","author":"Dehghan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sport Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105419","article-title":"Extract of Alnus japonica prevents dexamethasone-induced sarcopenia in mice","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.-H., Woo, K.-J., Hong, J., Han, K.-I., Kim, H.S., and Kim, T.-J. (2023). Heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis inhibit FL83B hepatic lipid accumulation and high fat diet-induced fatty liver damage in rats by activating lipolysis through the regulation of the AMPK signaling pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054486"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh, K.K., Chung, K.W., Choi, Y.J., Park, M.H., Jang, E.J., Park, C.H., Yoon, C., Kim, N.D., Kim, M.K., and Chung, H.Y. (2014). \u03b2-Hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate improves dexamethasone-induced sarcopenia by modulating the muscle degradation pathway in SD rat. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102947"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3821","article-title":"Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) extract prevents dexamethasone-induced sarcopenia by inhibiting the muscle degradation pathway in Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"12","author":"Noh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02367-4","article-title":"Irisin prevents dexamethasone-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes","volume":"472","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch.-Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hah, Y.-S., Lee, W.K., Lee, S., Kim, E.J., Lee, J.H., Lee, S.-J., Ji, Y.H., Kim, S.G., Lee, H.-H., and Hong, S.Y. (2022). \u03b2-Sitosterol attenuates dexamethasone-induced sarcopenia via regulating FoxO1-dependent signaling in C2C12 cell and mice model. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142894"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111590","article-title":"Fucoxanthin rescues dexamethasone-induced C2C12 myotubes atrophy","volume":"139","author":"Zhiyin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.06.006","article-title":"A multistrain probiotic reduces sarcopenia by modulating Wnt signaling biomarkers in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"80","author":"Karim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Kim, J., Park, S.-D., Shim, J.-J., and Lee, J.-L. (2021). Lactobacillus plantarum HY7715 ameliorates sarcopenia by improving skeletal muscle mass and function in aged Balb\/c mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810023"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.-C., Tu, Y.-T., Lee, C.-C., Tsai, S.-C., Hsu, H.-Y., Tsai, T.-Y., Liu, T.-H., Young, S.-L., Lin, J.-S., and Huang, C.-C. (2021). Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 improves muscle mass and functional performance in frail older adults: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071466"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-023-01407-w","article-title":"Ginsenosides Rh1, Rg2, and Rg3 ameliorate dexamethasone-induced sarcopenia in C2C12 myotubes","volume":"33","author":"Men","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00516","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction launches dexamethasone-induced skeletal sarcopenia via AMPK\/FOXO3 signaling","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.06.006","article-title":"Dexamethasone acts as a radiosensitizer in three astrocytoma cell lines via oxidative stress","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5094","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12484","article-title":"The metabolic modulator trimetazidine triggers autophagy and counteracts stress-induced atrophy in skeletal muscle myotubes","volume":"280","author":"Ferraro","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0165-9","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS-derived PTEN oxidation activates PI3K pathway for mTOR-induced myogenic autophagy","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00381-5","article-title":"Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus paracasei alleviate sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in aged mice by regulating gut microbiota-mediated AKT, NF-\u03baB, and FOXO3a signaling pathways","volume":"20","author":"Baek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109759","article-title":"Diosgenin prevents dexamethasone-induced myotube atrophy in C2C12 cells","volume":"747","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.112997","article-title":"Antidementia effects of Enterococcus faecalis 2001 are associated with enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis via the ERK-CREB-BDNF pathway in olfactory bulbectomized mice","volume":"223","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"215","article-title":"Effect of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 on C2C12 myoblast damage induced by oxidative stress and muscle volume decreased by sciatic denervation in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-016-0175-7","article-title":"Effect of Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 on experimentally induced atopic eczema in mice","volume":"25","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327119899987","article-title":"Effect of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 on ethanol-induced acute gastric injury in mice: Protective effect of EF-2001 on acute gastric ulcer","volume":"39","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gany, S.S.L., Chin, K.Y., Tan, J.K., Aminuddin, A., and Makpol, S. (2023). Curcumin as a Therapeutic Agent for Sarcopenia. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112526"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/1105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T05:19:50Z","timestamp":1769231990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/2\/1105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27021105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27021105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}}}