{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T03:01:43Z","timestamp":1789268503521,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005969","name":"University of Bologna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RFO 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFO 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005969","name":"University of Bologna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RFO 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFO 2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005969","name":"University of Bologna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RFO 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFO 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004740","name":"Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1355bis\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1355bis\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004740","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondazione Famiglia Parmiani"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avobenzone (AVO) and ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) are widely used organic UV filters with distinct photochemical properties and reported biological effects. Experimental and predictive evidence suggests that some lipophilic UV filters may reach systemic circulation and potentially cross the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB), raising concerns about possible central nervous system effects, although direct evidence for AVO and EHS remains limited. This study evaluated the effects of subcytotoxic concentrations (0.01\u20131 \u00b5M) of AVO and EHS on differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, focusing on early stress-related molecular responses. Cell viability and reactive oxygen species production were not significantly affected at any tested concentration. Integrated analyses of microRNA, gene, and protein expression revealed modest and variable modulation of miR-200a-3p and miR-29b-3p. Western blot analysis showed increased phosphorylation of AKT and ERK, no significant changes in mTOR activation, and an increased Bax\/Bcl-2 ratio. Overall, these findings indicate that AVO and EHS trigger an early stress-adaptive response involving PI3K\/AKT and MAPK\/ERK signaling and modulation of apoptosis-related pathways. Such responses reflect a dynamic balance between cellular adaptation and pro-apoptotic signaling, which may become relevant under prolonged or higher-intensity exposure conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:16:59Z","timestamp":1769159819000},"page":"1134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Subcytotoxic Exposure to Avobenzone and Ethylhexyl Salicylate Induces microRNA Modulation and Stress-Responsive PI3K\/AKT and MAPK Signaling in Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4992-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnese","family":"Graziosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5807-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Ghelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology\u2014FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Corrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology\u2014FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Iacenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology\u2014FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Manfredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology\u2014FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1609-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology\u2014FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6627-7078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Sita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology\u2014FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8415-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Hrelia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology\u2014FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6494-5968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Morroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology\u2014FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1010","article-title":"EDC-2: The Endocrine Society\u2019s Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals","volume":"36","author":"Gore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. 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