{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T17:54:33Z","timestamp":1769795673443,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017700","name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["252102110145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102110145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD1700900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1700900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canopy ammonia (NH3) exchange is a major contributor to agricultural NH3 emissions and is closely linked to nitrogen-use efficiency. Glutamine synthetase (GS) mediates plant NH3 assimilation, yet the specific roles of different GS isoenzymes in regulating wheat canopy NH3 exchange remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the functional differences of wheat TaGS isoenzymes in modulating canopy\u2013atmosphere NH3 exchange dynamics using two wheat cultivars (Yumai 49-198 and Xinong 509) under two nitrogen application levels (120 and 225 kg N ha\u22121). Field experiments combined with FTIR-based NH3 flux measurement, biochemical assays, and molecular analyses were conducted at anthesis and 16, 24, and 30 days after anthesis (DAA). Results showed that the leaf NH3 compensation point, determined by apoplastic NH4+ concentration, is a key factor influencing canopy NH3 exchange. Leaf NH3 sources exhibited distinct temporal specificity: photorespiration and nitrate reduction dominated at anthesis to 16 DAA, whereas nitrogenous compound degradation prevailed at 24\u201330 DAA. This temporal partitioning was highly coordinated with TaGS isoenzyme expression: TaGS2 was highest in early grain filling, potentially supporting assimilate NH3 from photorespiration\/nitrate reduction, while TaGS1;1 expression increased progressively, aligning with the scavenging of NH3 from organic nitrogen degradation. These coordinated patterns suggest that the TaGS isoenzymes play differentiated roles in influencing wheat canopy NH3 exchange. This study thus provides correlative insights that point to potential molecular targets for breeding nitrogen-efficient wheat cultivars and mitigating agricultural NH3 emissions sustainably.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1769190758000},"page":"1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Differences of Glutamine Synthetase Isoenzymes in Wheat Canopy Ammonia Exchange"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2836-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddique","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Research and Experiment Station of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Farmland of the Yellow River Basin in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Research and Experiment Station of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Farmland of the Yellow River Basin in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Research and Experiment Station of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Farmland of the Yellow River Basin in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yihao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Research and Experiment Station of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Farmland of the Yellow River Basin in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s42106-021-00139-3","article-title":"Improved Crop Management Achieved High Wheat Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency","volume":"15","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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