{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T13:08:11Z","timestamp":1784293691966,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment","award":["RS-2021-KE001783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-KE001783"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal extracts have been reported to exert diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral effects. However, the anti-coronaviral properties of fungal extracts remain largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrated that the Penicillium compactum extract (PCE) inhibits the replication of human coronavirus. RD cells were infected with human coronavirus and subsequently treated with PCE. PCE treatment reduced the expression of viral proteins and ameliorated virus-induced cytopathic effects. In addition, PCE markedly decreased viral RNA levels in both the cells and the conditioned medium. Finally, we confirmed that PCE treatment reduced the production of infectious viral particles. Collectively, these findings indicate that PCE exhibits potent antiviral activity against human coronavirus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1769415263000},"page":"1183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Extract of the Endophytic Fungus Penicillium compactum Inhibits the Replication of Human Coronavirus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jihun","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4336-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9605-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunghyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungju","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woochul","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Team, Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Mineral Resources Corporation, Wonju 26464, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayhyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Team, Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Mineral Resources Corporation, Wonju 26464, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeong-Geun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngae","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Zhi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Gwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7327-4852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fungi Research Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2355-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junsoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00809-x","article-title":"The impact of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity on SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses","volume":"23","author":"Murray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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