{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:41:22Z","timestamp":1791477682323,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Algerian Agency for Research and Development in Health","award":["208\/ANDRS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["208\/ANDRS"]}]},{"name":"Algerian Agency for Research and Development in Health","award":["41\/ANDRS\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41\/ANDRS\/2011"]}]},{"name":"Algerian Ministry of Higher Education Program","award":["D00L01UN160420200001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D00L01UN160420200001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The triad association among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and incretin secretion dysfunction, including GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) secretion dysfunction, maintains a critical cardiovascular risk and liver-related mortality. The aim of this study is to establish interactions between the GLP-1 plasma levels and metabolic syndrome clusters and adipokines profile (leptin, adiponectin, resistin) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF\u03b1, IL-6, IL1\u03b2, IL-17) in diabetic subjects with or without MAFLD. The data revealed that insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is present in all groups. MAFLD is more common in men than in women. The average FLI score in group IV was \u226570, confirming the diagnosis of MAFLD. The disorder of GLP-1 secretion is more pronounced in women than in men. HOMA-IR is negatively associated with plasma GLP-1 depletion in the MAFLD, T2DM, and MAFLD + T2DM groups. Adiponectin levels are decreased in all groups, as for GLP-1. In contrast, leptin, resistin, TNF\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-17 levels show an inverse correlation with GLP-1. GLP-1 accurately reflects metabolic and inflammatory status in subjects with MAFLD, T2DM, and diabetes\u2014steatosis. The applied multivariate linear regression model confirms a highly significant association between MAFLD and GLP-1. It appears that plasma GLP-1 can be considered as biomarker in MAFLD and T2DM related to sex-gender disparities. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm these data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1769426047000},"page":"1218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Plasma GLP-1 (Glucagon-like Peptide-1) Depletion Is Correlated with Dysregulation of Adipocytokine in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With or Without Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Cross-Sectional Study Related to Gender-Sex Disparities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1331-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houda","family":"Zoubiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Nutrition and Pathologies Post Graduate School, HouariBoumediene University of Sciences and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16123, Algeria"},{"name":"Biology and Physiology Laboratory, ENS Kouba, Algiers 16308, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3866-1629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wassila","family":"Saiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Nutrition and Pathologies Post Graduate School, HouariBoumediene University of Sciences and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16123, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3900-1417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amel","family":"Otmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital Center, Mohamed Lamine Debaghine, Bab El Oued, Algiers 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8340-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"Saidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Nutrition and Pathologies Post Graduate School, HouariBoumediene University of Sciences and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16123, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3531-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Makrelouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital Center, Mohamed Lamine Debaghine, Bab El Oued, Algiers 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1503-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samir","family":"Ait Abderrhmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetology Unit, University Hospital Center, Mohamed Seghir Nekkache (ex. HCA de A\u00efn Na\u00e2dja), Algiers 16208, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali El Mahdi","family":"Haddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetology Unit, University Hospital Center, Mohamed Lamine Debaghine, Algiers I-University, Bab El Oued, Algiers 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1345-2535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elhadj-Ahmed","family":"Koceir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Nutrition and Pathologies Post Graduate School, HouariBoumediene University of Sciences and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16123, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K.J., Wang, H., Xu, J., Gong, G., Liu, X., and Guan, H. 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