{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:52:19Z","timestamp":1787061139613,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031813","name":"Nordstjernan AB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Karolinska University Hospital"},{"name":"Region Stockholm","award":["962477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["962477"]}]},{"name":"Region Stockholm","award":["986974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["986974"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Medicine","award":["1003134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1003134"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Medicine","award":["1023656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1023656"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calprotectin in blood has been identified as a potential biomarker for severe COVID-19 and sepsis. As a knowledge gap remains regarding the biological role of calprotectin, we aimed to investigate the association between serum calprotectin and the circulating proteome in patients with COVID-19 as a model for viral sepsis. In this observational study, serum samples were collected from 160 hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19. The samples were analyzed for calprotectin using a routine turbidimetric assay and for proteomics using the Olink Explore 1536 platform. Patients were classified as having severe or moderate COVID-19 according to oxygen supply on the day of blood sampling. The median calprotectin level was significantly higher in patients with severe compared to moderate COVID-19. In relation to proteomics, calprotectin levels were associated with a neutrophil-centered inflammatory proteomic signature, characterized by upregulation of cytokine and danger-signaling pathways. S100A12 showed the strongest correlation to calprotectin. In conclusion, calprotectin is associated with disease severity in COVID-19, and high levels reflect a neutrophil-driven inflammatory proteomic profile, particularly involving S100A12. These findings support calprotectin as a biomarker of neutrophil-mediated hyperinflammation in viral sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T16:13:48Z","timestamp":1769444028000},"page":"1243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serum Calprotectin in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Relation to High-Dimensional Serum Proteomic Patterns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Parke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Strunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puran","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Karolinska KI\/K COVID-19 Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4583-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Religa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Gustaf","family":"Ljunggren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3391-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olav","family":"Rooyackers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Interventions and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo","family":"Aleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-1795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Norrby-Teglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0967-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas K.","family":"Bj\u00f6rkstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8801-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristoffer","family":"Str\u00e5lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzenschlager, S., Zimmer, A.J., Gottschalk, C., Grafeneder, J., Schmitz, S., Kraker, S., Ganslmeier, M., Muth, A., Seitel, A., and Maier-Hein, L. (2021). Can we predict the severe course of COVID-19\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis of indicators of clinical outcome?. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255154"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02364-y","article-title":"Targeted plasma proteomics reveals signatures discriminating COVID-19 from sepsis with pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Dzidic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2109123118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109123118","article-title":"High-dimensional profiling reveals phenotypic heterogeneity and disease-specific alterations of granulocytes in COVID-19","volume":"118","author":"Lourda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018587118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018587118","article-title":"Major alterations in the mononuclear phagocyte landscape associated with COVID-19 severity","volume":"118","author":"Kvedaraite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100743","article-title":"The looming storm: Blood and cytokines in COVID-19","volume":"46","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.09.018","article-title":"The emergence of COVID-19 as a global pandemic: Understanding the epidemiology, immune response and potential therapeutic targets of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"179","author":"Muralidar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005195","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 as Cause of Viral Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Karakike","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30920-X","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: Observations and hypotheses","volume":"395","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06022-5","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"46","author":"Alhazzani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, K., Chen, Y., Pang, J., Zhang, J., and Lu, J. (2026). The endothelial-immunothrombotic storm in viral sepsis: Lessons from COVID-19. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1681764"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13722","article-title":"Roles of S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 in infection, inflammation and immunity","volume":"171","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-008-0097-7","article-title":"Human S100A12: A novel key player in inflammation?","volume":"36","author":"Pietzsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-018-1173-4","article-title":"Calprotectin (S100A8\/S100A9): A key protein between inflammation and cancer","volume":"67","author":"Shabani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvin, A., Chapuis, N., Dunsmore, G., Goubet, A.G., Dubuisson, A., Derosa, L., Almire, C., H\u00e9non, C., Kosmider, O., and Droin, N. (2020). Elevated Calprotectin and Abnormal Myeloid Cell Subsets Discriminate Severe from Mild COVID-19. Cell, 182.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.002"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udeh, R., Advani, S., de Guadiana Romualdo, L.G., and Dolja-Gore, X. (2021). Calprotectin, an Emerging Biomarker of Interest in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040775"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2021.1905526","article-title":"Circulating Calprotectin as a Biomarker of COVID-19 Severity","volume":"17","author":"Mahler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassianidis, G., Siampanos, A., Poulakou, G., Adamis, G., Rapti, A., Milionis, H., Dalekos, G.N., Petrakis, V., Sympardi, S., and Metallidis, S. (2022). Calprotectin and Imbalances between Acute-Phase Mediators Are Associated with Critical Illness in COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094894"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0492-x","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of S100A8\/A9 and HMGB1 at hospital admission are correlated with inferior clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardiero, G., Palma, D., Vano, M., Anastasio, C., Pinchera, B., Ferrandino, M., Gianfico, C., Gentile, L., Savoia, M., and Gentile, I. (2022). Calprotectin Levels and Neutrophil Count Are Prognostic Markers of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102554"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-021-01516-4","article-title":"Circulating levels of calprotectin, a signature of neutrophil activation in prediction of severe respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients: A multicenter, prospective study (CalCov study)","volume":"71","author":"Calvo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144455","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.144455","article-title":"An immune-based biomarker signature is associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients","volume":"6","author":"Abers","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.11.016","article-title":"Outcome prediction by serum calprotectin in patients with COVID-19 in the emergency department","volume":"82","author":"Bauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-021-02565-8","article-title":"Serum calprotectin as a novel biomarker for severity of COVID-19 disease","volume":"191","author":"Kaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e343","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e343","article-title":"COVID-19 Patients Upregulate Toll-like Receptor 4-mediated Inflammatory Signaling That Mimics Bacterial Sepsis","volume":"35","author":"Sohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24004","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24004","article-title":"Assessment of antiphospholipid antibodies and calprotectin as biomarkers for discriminating mild from severe COVID-19","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto, K., Ohsiro, Y., Suzuki, T., Suzuki, M., Miura, S., Nagashima, M., Iwamoto, N., Takeuchi, J.S., Kimura, M., and Sugiura, W. (2023). Validation of the severe COVID-19 prognostic value of serum IL-6, IFN-\u03bb3, CCL17, and calprotectin considering the timing of clinical need for prediction. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279897"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, X., Wen, W., Fan, X., Hou, W., Su, B., Cai, P., Li, J., Liu, Y., Tang, F., and Zhang, F. (2021). COVID-19 immune features revealed by a large-scale single-cell transcriptome atlas. Cell, 184, Erratum in Cell 2021, 184, 5838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.053.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.10.023"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2011.388","article-title":"Elevated S100A8\/S100A9 expression causes glucocorticoid resistance in MLL-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"26","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirtz, T.H., Buendgens, L., Weiskirchen, R., Loosen, S.H., Haehnsen, N., Puengel, T., Abu Jhaisha, S., Brozat, J.F., Hohlstein, P., and Koek, G. (2020). Association of Serum Calprotectin Concentrations with Mortality in Critically Ill and Septic Patients. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110990"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, R.Y., Jia, H.M., Han, Y.Z., Qian, B.S., You, P., Zhang, X.K., Li, W.X., and Huang, L.F. (2022). Calprotectin as a diagnostic marker for sepsis: A meta-analysis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1045636"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parke, \u00c5., Unge, C., Yu, D., Sund\u00e9n-Cullberg, J., and Str\u00e5lin, K. (2023). Plasma calprotectin as an indicator of need of transfer to intensive care in patients with suspected sepsis at the emergency department. BMC Emerg. Med., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-023-00785-y"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2016.0037","article-title":"Serum Calprotectin Expression as a Diagnostic Marker for Sepsis in Postoperative Intensive Care Unit Patients","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.006","article-title":"Calprotectin and calgranulin C serum levels in bacterial sepsis","volume":"93","author":"Beran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2019.1703216","article-title":"Calprotectin is superior to procalcitonin as a sepsis marker and predictor of 30-day mortality in intensive care patients","volume":"80","author":"Larsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sejersen, K., Eriksson, M.B., and Larsson, A.O. (2025). Calprotectin as a Biomarker for Infectious Diseases: A Comparative Review with Conventional Inflammatory Markers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136476"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61094-z","article-title":"Calprotectin, a new biomarker for diagnosis of acute respiratory infections","volume":"10","author":"Havelka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13195","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13195","article-title":"The Karolinska KI\/K COVID-19 Immune Atlas: An open resource for immunological research and educational purposes","volume":"96","author":"Ljunggren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.90","article-title":"Gene Set Knowledge Discovery with Enrichr","volume":"1","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W90","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw377","article-title":"Enrichr: A comprehensive gene set enrichment analysis web server 2016 update","volume":"44","author":"Kuleshov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, E.Y., Tan, C.M., Kou, Y., Duan, Q., Wang, Z., Meirelles, G.V., Clark, N.R., and Ma'ayan, A. (2013). Enrichr: Interactive and collaborative HTML5 gene list enrichment analysis tool. BMC Bioinform., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-128"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Gentian, A.S. (2026, January 19). Gentian GCAL\u00ae Calprotectin Immunoassay: Instructions for Use (IFU). Moss, N.G.A.R.S., Version 03. Available online: https:\/\/eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gentian.com%2Fhubfs%2FIFU%2520IVDR%2520-%2520GCAL%2F1201-1202%2520Reagent%2520Kit%2F1201-1202%2520IFU%2520Gentian%2520GCAL%2520Reagent%2520Kit%25207704-v06en.pdf&data=05%7C02%7Casa.parke%40ki.se%7C30efbefcba904a01ee5d08de575aa550%7Cbff7eef1cf4b4f32be3da1dda043c05d%7C0%7C0%7C639044244220876133%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=6XRSRCBK4rMmaZwhD9ipOFkOZNl1iqSW4tu4AQKckJM%3D&reserved=0."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13725","article-title":"Circulating markers of extracellular matrix remodelling in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"294","author":"Murphy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mester, P., Keller, D., Kunst, C., R\u00e4th, U., Rusch, S., Schmid, S., Krautbauer, S., M\u00fcller, M., Buechler, C., and Pavel, V. (2024). High Serum S100A12 as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Severity, Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Superinfection and Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation in COVID-19. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071084"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-23-1114","article-title":"Effectiveness of S100 calcium-binding protein A12 combined with modified early warning score in the clinical diagnosis of adult community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000605231191021","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605231191021","article-title":"Clinical significance of serum S100 calcium-binding protein A12 concentrations in patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Huang, C.M., Feng, C.M., Xu, Z., Fu, L., and Wang, X.M. (2021). Associations of Serum S100A12 With Severity and Prognosis in Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front. Immunol., 12, Erratum in: Front. Immunol.\u00a02022,\u00a012, 815903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.714026.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.714026"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2025.04.009","article-title":"Identification of pyroptosis-related gene S100A12 as a potential diagnostic biomarker for sepsis through bioinformatics analysis and machine learning","volume":"183","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadx2678","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adx2678","article-title":"A human pan-disease blood atlas of the circulating proteome","volume":"390","author":"Kenrick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04652-x","article-title":"Therapeutic S100A8\/A9 blockade inhibits myocardial and systemic inflammation and mitigates sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction","volume":"27","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2024.110349","article-title":"Multi-modal immune dynamics of pre-COVID-19 Kawasaki Disease following intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"267","author":"Cotugno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66322-6","article-title":"Structural insights into clonal restriction and diversity in T cell recognition of two immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid epitopes","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.2174\/187152011797655087","article-title":"Ceramide transfer protein and cancer","volume":"11","author":"Scheffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, L.H., Liu, D., Liu, X.T., and Qi, Y. (2021). Ceramide Transfer Protein (CERT): An Overlooked Molecular Player in Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413184"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.01.020","article-title":"Emerging functions of amphiregulin in orchestrating immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair","volume":"42","author":"Zaiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candelli, M., Sacco Fernandez, M., Rozzi, G., Sodero, G., Piccioni, A., Pignataro, G., Rigante, D., and Franceschi, F. (2025). The Interleukin Network in Sepsis: From Cytokine Storm to Clinical Applications. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15222927"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.2.1257","article-title":"A non-glycosaminoglycan-binding variant of CC chemokine ligand 7 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-3) antagonizes chemokine-mediated inflammation","volume":"175","author":"Ali","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.05.014","article-title":"Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor c-Met Instructs T Cell Cardiotropism and Promotes T Cell Migration to the Heart via Autocrine Chemokine Release","volume":"42","author":"Komarowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01656-1","article-title":"E-selectin-mediated rapid NLRP3 inflammasome activation regulates S100A8\/S100A9 release from neutrophils via transient gasdermin D pore formation","volume":"24","author":"Pruenster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tecchio, C., Micheletti, A., and Cassatella, M.A. (2014). Neutrophil-derived cytokines: Facts beyond expression. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00508"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105912","article-title":"Impact of systemic SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on mucosal IgA responses to subsequent breakthrough infection","volume":"120","author":"Marking","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102502","article-title":"Severity outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Omicron and pre-Omicron periods, in unvaccinated first-time test positive adults less than 65 years old without comorbidity, in Sweden","volume":"17","author":"Bruce","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havelka, A., Mayaud, K., Safdari, A., Nilsen, T., and Godager, E. (2025). B-078 Validation of the GCAL\u00ae, Gentian Calprotectin Immunoassay on the QuidelOrtho Vitros 5600 Chemistry Analyzer. Clin. Chem., 71.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaf086.476"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e318","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae036","article-title":"Type I Interferon Autoantibodies Correlate With Cellular Immune Alterations in Severe COVID-19","volume":"230","author":"Strunz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2025, November 27). Enrichr. Available online: https:\/\/maayanlab.cloud\/Enrichr\/."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/3\/1243\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:14:24Z","timestamp":1769577264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/3\/1243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27031243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27031243","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]}}}