{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:14:05Z","timestamp":1789694045178,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytokines IL-17A and TNF-\u03b1 have been implicated in the dysregulated immune responses that characterize SLE, with potential relevance to specific organ involvement. This study aimed to assess their serum levels in SLE patients and to explore potential correlations with clinical, biological, and immunological features, as well as with disease activity and damage scores. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 88 SLE patients diagnosed according to the 2012 SLICC classification criteria and 87 controls matched by sex and age. Serum IL-17A and TNF-\u03b1 levels were quantified using ELISA. Clinical and laboratory data were collected, including SLEDAI for disease activity and the SLICC\/ACR Damage Index for cumulative organ damage. No significant differences were observed in serum IL-17A levels between SLE patients and healthy controls, whereas serum TNF-\u03b1 levels differed significantly between the two groups. Serum IL-17A levels were significantly associated with cutaneous involvement (p = 0.036) and the inflammatory syndrome (p = 0.049). TNF-\u03b1 levels were also significantly elevated in patients with cutaneous manifestations (p = 0.050). A positive correlation was observed between TNF-\u03b1 levels and cumulative organ damage, as assessed by the SLICC\/ACR Damage Index (r = 0.36, p &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.13), and levels were particularly higher in patients with malignancies (p = 0.032). A positive correlation was observed between IL-17A and TNF-\u03b1 levels. No significant associations were found between serum levels of IL-17A or TNF-\u03b1 and demographic factors, disease activity (SLEDAI), immunological and biological markers. Both IL-17A and TNF-\u03b1 were significantly associated with cutaneous involvement in SLE patients, supporting their implication in skin-related inflammatory processes. IL-17A was additionally linked to the presence of an inflammatory syndrome. TNF-\u03b1 levels correlated with cumulative organ damage and were elevated in patients with malignancies, suggesting that patients with higher TNF-\u03b1 accumulated significantly more irreversible organ damage over time. No meaningful associations were observed between cytokine levels and demographic characteristics, disease duration, treatment or global SLE activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:05:27Z","timestamp":1769504727000},"page":"1244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pathogenic and Clinical Relevance of Serum IL-17A and TNF-\u03b1 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1267-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"I Rheumatology Clinic, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa Street, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4856-867X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana Andreea","family":"Macovei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"I Rheumatology Clinic, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa Street, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1155-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciprian","family":"Rezus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"III Internal Medicine Clinic, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 1 Independence Boulevard, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Maria","family":"Burlui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"I Rheumatology Clinic, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa Street, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8175-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Rezus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"I Rheumatology Clinic, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa Street, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2021.1853096","article-title":"The Use of Anti-TNF-Alpha Therapies for Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Where Are We Now?","volume":"21","author":"Isenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercader-Salvans, J., Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., G\u00f3mez-Bernal, F., Quevedo-Abeledo, J.C., de Vera-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Delgado, A., L\u00f3pez-Mej\u00edas, R., Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay, M.\u00c1., and Ferraz-Amaro, I. (2023). 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