{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:33:26Z","timestamp":1784932406325,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CM16\/00133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM16\/00133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JR20\/00047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR20\/00047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"ISCIII, FONDOS FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/01995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EURO-VALDI-NET COST Action CA -23146 Short Term Scientific Mission","award":["2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is the most severe clinical manifestation of alcohol-associated liver disease. Corticosteroids are the only disease-specific therapy shown to improve short-term survival. Currently, no non-invasive markers are available to predict patient response to corticosteroids or long-term survival in AH. This study investigates whether surface antigens on plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs), key mediators of intercellular communication, can reflect the underlying immune dysregulation in AH and serve as prognostic markers. Patients with AH were prospectively enrolled between 2020 and 2024. Blood samples were collected before corticosteroid initiation during the first 24 h of hospitalization. EVs were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis, cryo-electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble (s)CD62p, Circulating Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1 (TNRFS1a), and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) were quantified by ELISA. Key outcome variables included response to corticosteroids and mortality. A total of 46 patients with AH and 28 healthy donors (HD) were included. EV concentration was significantly higher in AH patients than in HD (9.3 \u00d7 1011 [IQR 4\u201324] versus 2.4 \u00d7 1011 [IQR 2\u20134], p = 0.03). Specific EV antigens were associated with key clinical outcomes: CD20 and CD2 levels differed between patients with or without infections (bacterial, viral, and fungal) developed during hospitalization; CD40 and CD146 were elevated in patients who developed acute kidney injury. EVs enriched in monocyte (CD14) and T-reg (CD25) markers were associated with plasma IL-6 levels, while endothelial markers CD105 and CD146 correlated with sVCAM and sCD62p. EVs enriched in platelet (CD49e) and endothelial (CD31) markers were associated with corticosteroid response, whereas EVs enriched with endothelial (CD105 and CD146) and B lymphocyte (CD19) markers were associated with mortality. Overall, EVs enriched in endothelial and monocyte markers may represent a candidate non-invasive tool for predicting corticosteroid response and mortality in AH, aiding risk stratification and early identification of non-responders for timely transplant evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T10:27:11Z","timestamp":1769509631000},"page":"1258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immune and Endothelial-Related Extracellular Vesicles Are Associated with Corticosteroid Response and Mortality in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0233-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Guinart-Cuadra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research in Liver and Digestive Diseases Network (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3317-0295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Brujats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research in Liver and Digestive Diseases Network (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Szafranska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fern\u00e1ndo","family":"Dinamarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1782-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabet","family":"Cant\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0235-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Poca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research in Liver and Digestive Diseases Network (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, 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