{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T15:56:33Z","timestamp":1769702193957,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TMA2018SF-2446-KSHV\/HIV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2018SF-2446-KSHV\/HIV"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"South African National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["142089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SIR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001323","name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\/87"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/87"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK\u2019s Global Challenges Research Fund","award":["MR\/P028071\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P028071\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC1001647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC1001647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC1001647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC1001647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC1001647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC1001647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016979","name":"National Treasury","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016979","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) are oncogenic gammaherpesviruses with high prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Both viruses are typically acquired during childhood, establishing lifelong latency. While viral reactivation into the lytic cycle has been mainly studied in adult HIV-infected populations\u2014and more recently in the context of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) co-infection\u2014the dynamics of KSHV and EBV infection in children remain poorly understood. Here, we characterize pediatric patients (n = 175; median age 4.6 years; IQR 2.0\u20138.3) presenting with inflammatory conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa (from July 2020 to February 2024). Including a healthy, non-inflammatory control group, we found widespread exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (70.9% seropositivity), with 72.6% of the children being seropositive for EBV and 19.4% for KSHV. There were no significant differences in seroprevalence between children with inflammatory conditions and healthy controls for any of these viruses, although SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers were significantly higher in the inflammatory group, while EBV immune responses were lower in children presenting with inflammation. Among the KSHV-seropositive children, no active viremia was detected (as determined by the absence of viral DNA in the peripheral blood). In contrast, 34.4% of EBV-seropositive children had detectable EBV viral load, with a modestly higher proportion in the inflammatory group. However, EBV viral load levels were comparable between children diagnosed with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), Kawasaki Disease (KD), and other inflammatory conditions. Logistic regression analyses revealed that increasing age was significantly associated with higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 and EBV seropositivity, but not KSHV. Notably, the risk of EBV DNA detection in the peripheral blood decreased with age. In summary, this study suggests effective immunological control of gammaherpesvirus infections in HIV-negative paediatric patients, even in the presence of inflammatory conditions that might otherwise trigger viral reactivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:41:56Z","timestamp":1769528516000},"page":"1275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Seroprevalence and Infection Dynamics of Oncogenic Gammaherpesviruses in South African Paediatric Patients Presenting with Inflammatory Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Katrin","family":"Bratl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8153-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Butters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1087-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"},{"name":"Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1044-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinna, P., Bratl, K., Lambarey, H., Blumenthal, M.J., and Sch\u00e4fer, G. 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