{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:22:02Z","timestamp":1788906122981,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"Medical University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["503\/3-021-01\/503-31-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/3-021-01\/503-31-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brimonidine, a highly selective \u03b12-adrenergic receptor agonist originally developed for glaucoma treatment, has emerged as an important dermatological agent due to its potent vasoconstrictive and anti-inflammatory properties. This review summarizes its pharmacological characteristics, and clinical applications. By activating \u03b12-adrenergic receptors in cutaneous vessels, brimonidine induces rapid, reversible vasoconstriction and reduces neurogenic inflammation, leading to significant improvement of facial erythema in rosacea. Beyond its approved indication, topical brimonidine demonstrates efficacy in alcohol flushing syndrome, telangiectasia, post-procedural erythema, and as a local hemostatic agent in dermatologic surgery. Its favorable safety profile and minimal systemic absorption make it suitable for long-term use, though transient rebound erythema may occur. Advances in nanotechnology\u2014such as supramolecular hydrogels and lipid-based carriers\u2014enhance skin retention, prolong therapeutic action, and improve tolerability. These developments, together with ongoing synthesis of new quinoxaline\u2013imidazoline analogues, open prospects for next-generation \u03b12-agonists with optimized selectivity and dermatologic applicability. Brimonidine\u2019s emerging role extends to dermatologic formulations for transient redness and sensitive skin management. Integrating pharmacological, formulation, and molecular insights may transform brimonidine from a niche rosacea therapy into a versatile platform for vascular, inflammatory, and aesthetic skin treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:41:56Z","timestamp":1769528516000},"page":"1281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Brimonidine Beyond a Single Specialty: Pharmacological Profile, Dermatologic Applications, and Advances in Drug Delivery Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4570-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"J\u00f3\u017awiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Research Group, Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszy\u0144skiego 1, 90-151 \u0141\u00f3dz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Pietrusiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszy\u0144skiego 1, 90-151 \u0141\u00f3dz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Piechota-Urba\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszy\u0144skiego 1, 90-151 \u0141\u00f3dz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1012-6550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Markowicz-Piasecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszy\u0144skiego 1, 90-151 \u0141\u00f3dz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franceschin, L., Guidotti, A., Mazzetto, R., Tartaglia, J., Ciolfi, C., Alaibac, M., and Sernicola, A. 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