{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:27:02Z","timestamp":1783974422817,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbiota-derived indoles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) modulate intestinal immunity via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR). This review proposes an operational AhR\u2013VDR axis\u2014three testable models (sequential, parallel, reciprocal)\u2014to explain how indoles (AhR) and SCFAs\/vitamin D (VDR) may cooperate to drive IL-22\u2013mediated repair, antimicrobial peptide production, autophagy, and tight-junction restoration. We critically evaluate prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics: prebiotics shift fermentation toward SCFAs but show context-dependent effects; probiotics can supply indole-type AhR ligands yet are strain-specific; postbiotics offer standardized ligand delivery but face formulation challenges. We distinguish Salmonella-specific findings (e.g., SCFA suppression of SPI-1) from general colitis data and prioritize molecular validation, temporal mapping, multi-omics responder stratification, and standardized postbiotic development for clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T15:04:46Z","timestamp":1769612686000},"page":"1295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microbiota-Derived Regulation of AhR and VDR Signaling in Intestinal Inflammation: Protective Roles of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3702-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu-Chen","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, G., Kumar, S., Jangid, H., Dutta, J., and Shidiki, A. 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