{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T18:29:30Z","timestamp":1782930570168,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CMRPG2N0421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG2N0421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intimal hyperplasia (IH) at vascular anastomosis sites arises from endothelial injury, thrombin activation, and the subsequent proliferation and phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Existing clinically used systemic pharmacologic regimens (e.g., antiplatelet\/anticoagulant therapy) and reported local material-based strategies in the literature (e.g., drug-eluting sutures, hydrogels, or coatings) largely rely on drug release, which can result in burst kinetics, finite duration, and off-target\/systemic exposure. We developed a covalently immobilized, non-releasing biointerface in which mitomycin C (MMC) is stably anchored onto polypropylene sutures via low-pressure, non-thermal acetic-acid plasma (AAP) activation. AAP functionalization introduced reactive oxygen-containing groups on polypropylene, enabling amide-bond immobilization of MMC while preserving suture mechanics. Anchored MMC exhibited potent contact-mediated regulation of VSMC fate, reducing metabolic activity to 81% of control, suppressing G2\/M progression, and inducing a dominant sub-G1 apoptotic population (66.3%), consistent with MMC-induced DNA crosslinking, p21 upregulation, and cyclin B1\u2013CDK1 inhibition. In vivo, in a rat infrarenal aortic anastomosis model (male Wistar rats, 10\u201312 weeks, 300\u2013350 g), MMC-anchored sutures markedly reduced arterial wall thickening and \u03b1-SMA and PCNA accumulation at 4 and 12 weeks, without overt evidence of systemic toxicity. Notably, no measurable MMC release was detected under the tested conditions, supporting that the observed bioactivity is consistent with an interface-confined mechanism rather than bulk diffusion. This work establishes a non-releasing suture-based platform that delivers sustained molecular regulation of vascular healing through interface-confined control of VSMC behavior. Covalent drug anchoring transforms a clinically used suture into an active therapeutic interface, providing a promising strategy to prevent pathological vascular remodeling and anastomotic IH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T08:12:23Z","timestamp":1769674343000},"page":"1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Covalently Immobilized Mitomycin C on Polypropylene Sutures Creates a Non-Releasing Bioactive Interface That Modulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Fate and Prevents Intimal Hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1907-1514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu-Yen","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, 222 Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 204201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chieh","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ko-Shao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, Tatung University, No. 40, Sec. 3, Zhongshan N. Rd., Taipei City 10452, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3353-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Jyun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pin-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, 222 Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 204201, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Chang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, 222 Mai-Chin Road, Keelung 204201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-6671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng-Huei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Writing Committee Members, Lawton, J.S., Tamis-Holland, J.E., Bangalore, S., Bates, E.R., Beckie, T.M., Bischoff, J.M., Bittl, J.A., Cohen, M.G., and DiMaio, J.M. 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