{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:31:35Z","timestamp":1790112695316,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AR074428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AR074428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle injury triggers inflammatory response, of which the accumulation of intramuscular monocytes\/macrophages is a prominent feature. Macrophages in injured muscle comprise both blood monocytes-derived infiltrating macrophages, which are recruited through CCR2 signaling, and pre-existing muscle resident macrophages, which are established during embryogenesis and maintained until adulthood through self-renewal proliferation. During regenerative acute muscle injury, infiltrating monocytes\/macrophages are heterogeneously activated in a temporal dynamic, responding to the changing microenvironment in injured muscle and contributing to the complete injury repair. Injury-associated monocytes\/macrophages recede with the completion of muscle injury repair. In contrast, injury-associated monocytes\/macrophages persist in dystrophic muscle of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), likely accounting for persistent inflammation and progressive fibrosis of DMD muscle. We review here the current knowledge on monocyte\/macrophage infiltration and activation in both acutely injured skeletal muscle and dystrophic muscle with subsequent discussion of the potential therapeutic implication in treating muscular dystrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T08:12:23Z","timestamp":1769674343000},"page":"1332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Macrophage Infiltration, Activation, and Therapeutic Implication in Skeletal Muscle Injury and Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9097-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2011","article-title":"Satellite cells and the muscle stem cell niche","volume":"93","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. 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