{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:41:47Z","timestamp":1788381707454,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#2019\/17769-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2019\/17769-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#2023\/03412-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2023\/03412-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#2023\/03572-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2023\/03572-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement"},{"name":"Research Productivity Scholarship","award":["315424\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315424\/2023-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of mechanical debridement (MD) in treating experimental peri-implantitis (EPI) in rats with osseointegrated implants, specifically those treated with high-dose zoledronate. Senescent Wistar rats underwent the extraction of their upper incisor, followed by immediate implant placement. After 8 weeks, the implants were exposed, and a transmucosal component was placed. The animals were divided into four groups: Control (C), ZOL, ZOL-EPI, and ZOL-EPI-MD. In the 9th week, drug treatment commenced, consisting of the administration of 0.45 mL of a vehicle (for group C) or zoledronate (for groups ZOL, ZOL-EPI, and ZOL-EPI-MD) every 4 days over 10 weeks. After 5 weeks of drug treatment, a cotton bandage was placed around the implants to induce EPI in the ZOL-EPI and ZOL-EPI-MD groups. In the ZOL-EPI-MD group, the ligature was removed at week 16, and local treatment was performed using MD. Euthanasia was conducted at week 19. Histological sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin\u2013eosin for histopathological and histometric analyses, such as the percentage of total bone tissue (B.Ar\/T.Ar) and the percentage of non-vital bone tissue (NVB.Ar\/B.Ar). Immunohistochemical reactions were performed to detect TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, VEGF, OCN, and TRAP. In the peri-implant connective tissue, mild, intense, and moderate inflammatory infiltrates were observed in the ZOL, ZOL-EPI, and ZOL-EPI-MD groups, respectively. Immunolabeling for TNF\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 correlated with these histopathological findings. The ZOL and ZOL-EPI-MD groups showed lower immunolabeling for VEGF compared to the control group. There was a reduction in TRAP-positive cells and lower immunolabeling for OCN in the groups treated with zoledronate, with the ZOL-EPI-MD group displaying even lower levels of OCN compared to the ZOL group. While there was no significant difference in B.Ar\/T.Ar across the groups, both the ZOL, ZOL-EPI, and ZOL-EPI-MD groups exhibited higher levels of NVB.Ar\/B.Ar, with the ZOL-EPI-MD group showing the highest NVB.Ar\/B.Ar compared to ZOL and the other groups. In conclusion, MD, as a standalone treatment, showed neither effectiveness nor safety in the management of EPI in rats that received high doses of zoledronate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T13:29:03Z","timestamp":1769693343000},"page":"1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness and Safety of Mechanical Debridement for Treating Experimental Peri-Implantitis in Elderly Rats Receiving Oncological Dosages of Zoledronate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Luan Felipe","family":"Toro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Basic Subjects, Mar\u00edlia Medical School (FAMEMA), Mar\u00edlia 17519-030, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Quint\u00e3o Manhanini","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Franz\u00e3o","family":"Ganzaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica de Oliveira Alvarenga","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro Lemes da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9766-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estev\u00e3o Lopes","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Alexandrelli","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1780-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Martins de","family":"Mello-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5389-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariza Akemi","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Aparecido","family":"Casatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Tavares \u00c2ngelo","family":"Cintra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3026-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia Helena","family":"Theodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valdir Gouveia","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latin American Institute of Dental Research and Education (ILAPEO), Curitiba 80810-030, PR, 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