{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:46:10Z","timestamp":1769748370136,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondria are the energy factories of a cell and mitochondrial morphology, quantity, membrane potential, and DNA copy number can change depending on metabolic requirements and\/or genetic defects. Different mutations in mitochondrial DNA might affect mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential differently. In this study we investigated mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential in vitro in mesoangioblast-derived human myotubes harboring a pathogenic mtDNA mutation and analyzed mitochondrial behavior following fusion with healthy mesoangioblasts. Myotubes were differentiated in vitro from mesoangioblasts obtained from two mitochondrial myopathy patients, M02 (96% m.3271T&gt;C) and M11 (73% m.3291T&gt;C), and from a functionally healthy male control, M06 (3% m.3243A&gt;G). On day 5 of differentiation, healthy male mesoangioblasts (mM06) were added to mutant myotube cultures to allow cell fusion. On day 11, mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential were assessed by three-dimensional live-cell imaging using spinning disk confocal microscopy with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM). Following live imaging, cells were fixed and subjected to Y-chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), enabling identification and retrospective analysis of hybrid (i.e., fused with male control mesoangioblasts) and non-hybrid (i.e., not fused with these control mesoangioblasts) myotubes within the same imaging fields. Quantitative image analysis at the level of individual myotubes revealed that, when normalized to sarcoplasmic volume, mitochondrial volume, object number, and membrane potential did not differ between mutant and control myotubes despite heteroplasmy levels exceeding 70%. Fusion of healthy mM06 mesoangioblasts did not impair myotube formation and resulted in redistribution of mitochondrial content without an increase in mitochondrial object number, consistent with integration of donor mitochondria into the existing mitochondrial network. Across conditions, mitochondrial parameters were strongly influenced by myotube size, underscoring the importance of accounting for biological variation when quantifying mitochondrial features. Together, these findings demonstrate that high mtDNA mutation loads do not necessarily alter mitochondrial morphology or membrane potential under standard in vitro differentiation conditions and provide mechanistic insight into mitochondrial behavior following mesoangioblast fusion in human myotubes. Fusion of healthy mesoangioblasts supports integration of donor mitochondria into the existing network without compromising myogenesis, consistent with mitochondrial mixing rather than replacement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:52:36Z","timestamp":1769698356000},"page":"1357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fusion Between Control Mesoangioblasts and mtDNA-Mutant Myotubes Preserves Myotube Morphology and Mitochondrial Network Organization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Somaieh","family":"Ahmadian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Ummelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Hopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc A. M. J.","family":"van Zandvoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubert J. M.","family":"Smeets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3278-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence H. J.","family":"van Tienen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Genomics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.080887","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial DNA copy number in mammalian fertility","volume":"83","author":"Wai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. 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