{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T17:52:03Z","timestamp":1792950723418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Qinghai Provincial Science and Technology Department Basic Research Project","award":["2023-ZJ-708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZJ-708"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are key regulators of tissue structural integrity and functional coordination, yet their specific role in the adaptation of yak lung tissue to high-altitude hypoxia remains unelucidated. Thus, we employed transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-seq), molecular biology assays, and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to analyze the expression characteristics of CAMs in yak lung tissues at high and low altitudes. Trypsin or collagenase digestion showed higher cell counts in high-altitude yak lungs (p &lt; 0.05). RNA-seq analysis revealed significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in adhesion-related pathways. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detected elevated Ca2+ levels in high-altitude yak lungs (p &lt; 0.05). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) detection of key genes from five major families of CAMs revealed the downregulation of cadherin and integrin family-related genes, and upregulation of immunoglobulin superfamily-related genes, in high-altitude yak lungs (p &lt; 0.05), corroborated by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. A 10\u00d7 scRNA-seq revealed adhesion changes in 9 of 15 lung cell subpopulations, with differentially expressed CAMs involving integrins. This study demonstrates that yak lung tissue establishes a sophisticated adhesive homeostasis through differential CAMs regulation. This strategy optimizes pulmonary immune responses and energy allocation, ensures structural integrity and functional coordination, and thereby facilitates superior acclimatization to higher-altitude hypoxia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:08:17Z","timestamp":1769702897000},"page":"1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hypoxia-Driven Pulmonary Adaptation in the Yak: A Homeostatic Mechanism Mediated by Cell Adhesion Molecules"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Huizhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nating","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingqing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13924","article-title":"Recent progress in research on the gut microbiota and highland adaptation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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