{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:38Z","timestamp":1787028578797,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU funding","award":["ECA-INF-ACT 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECA-INF-ACT 2024"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health \u201cFondi Ricerca Corrente\u2014L1P3\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2022 global mpox outbreak represented a turning point in the Monkeypox virus (MPXV) epidemiology, highlighting the incredible capability of this virus to adapt to different conditions, also in a non-endemic context. To investigate the genomic dynamics of MPXV 2022 strains, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 40 clinical samples from 16 Italian patients across multiple anatomical sites and timepoints between May and December 2022. Combining single-nucleotide analysis with detailed investigation of short tandem repeats (STRs), we explored inter- and intra-host viral dynamics. We identified 19 STR loci located near or within genes involved in immune modulation and virion morphogenesis. While most STRs remained stable across patients, a subset displayed locus- or matrix-specific variation. Among these, STR-VII\u2014embedded within the coding sequence of OPG153, an envelope-associated protein implicated in viral attachment\u2014showed a 12-nucleotide in-frame deletion, resulting in the loss of four aspartic acid residues (\u03944D variant). Structural modeling indicated that this deletion slightly alters a disordered acidic loop without affecting the global fold, potentially modulating surface charge and immune recognition. Integrating STR profiling into genomic surveillance may enhance resolution in outbreak reconstruction and reveal subtle adaptive processes underlying poxvirus\u2013host interaction and immune escape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:08:17Z","timestamp":1769702897000},"page":"1371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insights into Genomic Dynamics and Plasticity in the Monkeypox Virus from the 2022 Outbreak"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7595-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Deiana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8682-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0413-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Veschetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20123 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20123 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1053-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Malag\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"PhD National Programme in One Health Approaches to Infectious Diseases and Life Science Research, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2845-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Lavezzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Accordini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Ronzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4545-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Angheben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8705-8560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Malerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GM Lab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelina","family":"Tacconelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8869-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Cusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico Giovanni","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5739-3795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Piubelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and 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