{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:20:33Z","timestamp":1792588833938,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U22A20489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32361143791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32361143791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pressing need for sustainable, plant-based alternatives is highlighted by the growing resistance of agricultural pests to synthetic pesticides. This study examined the pesticidal potential of phytocompounds from C. tora discovered by GC\u2013MS analysis against important tomato insect (T. absoluta) and fungal pathogen (A. solani). The binding stability and interaction dynamics of specific metabolites with fungal virulence (polygalacturonase, MAP kinase HOG1, and effector AsCEP50) and insect neuromuscular (ryanodine receptor and sodium channel protein) targets were assessed using molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations. Among the screened compounds, squalene and 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid, methyl ester (DHAME) exhibited the strongest binding affinities and conformational stability, with MM-GBSA binding free energies of \u221238.09 kcal\u00b7mol\u22121 and \u221252.81 kcal\u00b7mol\u22121 for squalene complexes in T. absoluta and A. solani, respectively. Persistent hydrophobic and mixed hydrophobic\u2013polar contacts that stabilised active-site residues and limited protein flexibility were found by ProLIF analysis. These lively and dynamic profiles imply that DHAME and squalene may interfere with calcium signalling and stress-response pathways, which are essential for the survival and pathogenicity of pests. Hydrophobic interactions were further confirmed as the primary stabilising force by the preponderance of van der Waals and nonpolar solvation energies. The findings show that C. tora metabolites, especially squalene and DHAME, are promising environmentally friendly biopesticide candidates that have both insecticidal and antifungal properties. Their development as sustainable substitutes in integrated pest management systems are supported by their stability, binding efficacy and predicted biosafety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T17:38:34Z","timestamp":1769794714000},"page":"1410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Molecular Dynamics Insights into Cassia tora-Derived Phytochemicals as Dual Insecticidal and Antifungal Agents Against Tomato Tuta absoluta and Alternaria solani"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6366-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tijjani","family":"Mustapha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, MOE, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Federal University Dutse, Dutse P.O. Box 7156, Jigawa State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel Luka","family":"Kwarau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Federal University Dutse, Dutse P.O. Box 7156, Jigawa State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh B.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinhgad Technical Education Society\u2019s, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon (Bk), Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huatao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, MOE, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7317-9162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai-Abba Ishiyaku","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Federal University Dutse, Dutse P.O. Box 7156, Jigawa State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Yen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, MOE, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7984-9688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youming","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, MOE, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5986","article-title":"Phytochemical and Nutritional Profiling of Tomatoes; Impact of Processing on Bioavailability\u2014A Comprehensive Review","volume":"39","author":"Chuqi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Rev. 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