{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T22:30:32Z","timestamp":1770676232373,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"High-Quality Research Graduate Development Cooperation Project between Kasetsart University and the National Science and Technology Development Agency","award":["No data"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No data"]}]},{"name":"The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.","award":["No data"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No data"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease driven by feline coronavirus induced immune dysregulation and excessive inflammatory cytokine production. Immunomodulatory agents capable of rebalancing this response are therefore of increasing interest. Phallus indusiatus (P. indusiatus), an edible mushroom containing diverse bioactive compounds, has previously demonstrated antiviral and anti-inflammatory potential. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of P. indusiatus extract on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy cats and FIP cats and characterized its chemical constituents using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS). PBMCs were isolated from whole blood and FIP fluid. Cytotoxicity screening identified 19 \u00b5g\/mL as a non-toxic concentration for subsequent assays. Cytokine responses (IL-1\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-10) were evaluated following LPS stimulation in PBMCs from whole blood and under basal conditions in PBMCs from FIP fluid after treatment with P. indusiatus extract and dexamethasone. LC\u2013MS\/MS profiling combined with STITCH analysis was used to identify bioactive metabolites and their predicted molecular targets. PBMCs derived from FIP fluid exhibited markedly elevated IL-1\u03b2 and IFN-\u03b3, indicating strong baseline immune activation. P. indusiatus significantly reduced IL-1\u03b2 and IFN-\u03b3 in PBMCs from FIP fluid and suppressed LPS-induced IL-1\u03b2 and IL-10 in whole-blood PBMCs, demonstrating immunomodulatory patterns comparable to dexamethasone. LC\u2013MS\/MS analysis identified compounds including adenosine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, cystathionine, arginine, and sialic acid, which were linked to inflammatory signaling. Overall, the extract exhibited context-dependent modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that P. indusiatus may serve as a promising natural adjunctive candidate for managing immune imbalance in cats with FIP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:00:33Z","timestamp":1770022833000},"page":"1437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effects of Phallus indusiatus Extract on Cytokine Responses in PBMCs: Implications for Feline Infectious Peritonitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chularat","family":"Hlaoperm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1277-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wassamon","family":"Moyadee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emwalee","family":"Wongsaengnoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lueacha","family":"Tabtimmai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand"},{"name":"Food and Agro-Industrial Research Center, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amonpun","family":"Rattanasrisomporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary of Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atchara","family":"Paemanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Omics Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Food Biotechnology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2421-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiattawee","family":"Choowongkomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4964-0642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Gerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strass 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4291-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oumaporn","family":"Rungsuriyawiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jatuporn","family":"Rattanasrisomporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.11.010","article-title":"Genetic diversity and correlation with feline infectious peritonitis of feline coronavirus type I and II: A 5-year study in 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