{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T19:49:13Z","timestamp":1770061753247,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality, most commonly arising from placental dysfunction, with increasing evidence implicating aberrant DNA methylation in its pathogenesis. To identify robust epigenetic alterations associated with FGR, we analyzed placental chorionic villi from an in-house early-onset FGR cohort and compared them with a publicly available dataset (GSE100197). DNA methylation profiling was performed using Illumina EPIC (in-house) and 450K (public) arrays, processed with identical normalization and quality-control pipelines, including adjustment for gestational age and estimation of placental cell-type composition. Differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were identified using linear regression models, revealing 10,427 DMPs in the in-house cohort and 7467 in the public dataset, with 108 shared DMPs showing consistent direction of change across both cohorts. Promoter-associated DMPs were mapped to genes involved in angiogenesis, morphogenesis, immune regulation, and transcriptional control, including EPHA1, ANGPTL6, ITGAX, BCL11B, and CYP19A1, while additional novel candidates such as SLC39A12, YEATS4, and MIR515 family members were also identified. Functional annotation suggests that these methylation changes may influence pathways essential for placental vascular development and structural organization. Overall, this cross-cohort comparison highlights reproducible epigenetic signatures of FGR and underscores the need for standardized approaches to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying placental insufficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:00:33Z","timestamp":1770022833000},"page":"1448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrative Analysis of Placental Methylomes Identifies Epigenetically Regulated Genes Implicated in Fetal Growth Restriction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bednarek-J\u0119drzejek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1161-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Taryma-Le\u015bniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Research, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Poniatowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Cejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Maksym","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8279-5585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Dzidek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5506-2397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Blatkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-6589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Kwiatkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6344-4798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Torb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1504-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Kwiatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15884","article-title":"Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction: A Delphi procedure","volume":"48","author":"Gordijn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. 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