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In UC traditional management, a step-up strategy involves introducing increasingly more immunosuppressive medications, thus avoiding unnecessary overexposure to more potent drugs. However, in cases of severe, acute UC, priority is rapid and effective treatment to minimize the risk of complications such as bleeding, intestinal perforation, toxic megacolon or the need for colectomy. Modern approach to UC management shifts to an \u201caccelerated step-up\u201d or \u201ctop-down\u201d approach in high-risk patients to prevent bowel damage. A holistic approach\u2014integrating molecular research, clinical management and patient-centered care\u2014enhances our understanding of disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies, ultimately supporting improved outcomes and overall quality of life. This review aims to present the treatment options for UC along with an overview of the most modern therapies and experimental agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1770209516000},"page":"1534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Advances in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis\u2014From Conventional Therapies to Targeted Biologics and Small Molecules"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0155-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Wilk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4168-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Paw\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5257-2914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Balcerczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"BRaIn Laboratories, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 4, 92-216 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3565-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Jele\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"BRaIn Laboratories, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 4, 92-216 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9243-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Mirowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmara","family":"Szmajda-Krygier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"BRaIn Laboratories, Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 4, 92-216 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2021-0080","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis: An update","volume":"21","author":"Segal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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