{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:23:44Z","timestamp":1785547424654,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00333544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00333544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stem cells can selectively migrate toward cancer cells, and therapeutic genes can be introduced into stem cells. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in cancer cells without harming normal cells. In this study, we evaluated the inhibition of tumor growth in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) using human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) engineered to express cytosine deaminase (CD) and soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL), combined with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). An immortalized human ADSC line (hTERT-ADSC) was transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding CD and sTRAIL, generating ADSC.CD.sTRAIL cells. Expression of chemoattractant ligands and receptors was assessed by RT-PCR. The suicide gene effect was evaluated by 5-FC treatment, measuring cell viability and apoptosis markers in vitro. A subcutaneous CRPC mouse model was used for in vivo studies. ADSC.CD.sTRAIL cells showed enhanced migration toward prostate cancer cells. Treatment with 5-FC significantly reduced cell viability, and co-culture with PC3 cells plus 5-FC increased apoptosis marker expression. In vivo, mice treated with ADSC.CD.sTRAIL and 5-FC had significantly smaller tumor volumes than control groups, with no treatment-related toxicity observed. These findings suggest that ADSCs overexpressing CD and sTRAIL, combined with 5-FC, effectively inhibit CRPC tumor growth and represent a promising targeted therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T11:13:01Z","timestamp":1770289981000},"page":"1563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cytosine Deaminase-TRAIL Expressing Human Adipose Stem Cells Inhibit Tumor Growth in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Bearing Mice with Less Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Heon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6706-3554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7972-4399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In Seok","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Kongju 32588, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongkun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Biomedical Sciences, Engineering, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Biomedical Sciences, Engineering, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Seob","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wein, A.J., Kavoussi, L.R., Novick, A.C., Partin, A.W., and Peters, C.A. 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