{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:20:59Z","timestamp":1780100459974,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004695","name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["643403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["643403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["121517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Public Health Enhancement Fund\/South African National Department of Health"},{"name":"Polio Research Foundation","award":["19\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/15"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["129916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["8791\/CO MN\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8791\/CO MN\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Agency","award":["2024\/FUN081\/MW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/FUN081\/MW"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The persistence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a major barrier to cure, necessitating strategies such as \u201cshock and kill\u201d using latency-reversing agents (LRAs). However, current LRAs show limited clinical efficacy, highlighting the need for novel interventions. This study evaluated the in vitro latency-reversing potential of Product Nkabinde (PN) and Gnidia sericocephala using J-Lat A2 (subtype B) and J-Lat C clones T66 and T17 (subtype C) cells. Cell viability was assessed using flow cytometry with Live\/Dead dye. Reactivation potential was further tested in combination with established LRAs: panobinostat, SAHA, and TNF-\u03b1. G. sericocephala induced dose-dependent latency reversal, with 26.1% of J-Lat A2 and 15.8% of J-Lat T66 cells GFP-positive at 106 \u00b5g\/mL (p = 0.0001). Co-treatment with LRAs enhanced reactivation\u201434.6% with SAHA and 87.2% with TNF-\u03b1 in J-Lat A2 cells, and 56.9% with SAHA and 65.4% with TNF-\u03b1 in J-Lat T66 cells (p = 0.0001)\u2014while maintaining cell viability above 90%. PN showed minimal activity (\u22641.3% GFP-positive) and no effect in combination assays. Fractional inhibitory concentration index analysis revealed no synergistic interactions. Ex vivo, PN and G. sericocephala induced limited increases in HIV-1 gag RNA without substantial cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that G. sericocephala effectively reverses HIV-1 latency and potentiates TNF-\u03b1-induced reactivation, supporting its potential as a plant-derived LRA for future \u201cshock and kill\u201d HIV-1 cure strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T15:24:19Z","timestamp":1770305059000},"page":"1581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Traditional Medicine Extracts of Gnidia sericocephala and Product Nkabinde in HIV-1 Latency Reversal: Insights from J-Lat Subtype B and J-Lat Subtype C Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5474-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanyisile","family":"Mngomezulu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Medicine, School of Nursing & Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, Durban 4001, South Africa"},{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4013, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samukelisiwe Pretty","family":"Khathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siphathimandla Authority","family":"Nkabinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ungangezulu, Dundee 3000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magugu","family":"Nkabinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ungangezulu, Dundee 3000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8942-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mlungisi","family":"Ngcobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Medicine, School of Nursing & Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1946-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nceba","family":"Gqaleni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Medicine, School of Nursing & Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, Durban 4001, South Africa"},{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4013, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2005.19.550","article-title":"Discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy in patients with chronic HIV infection: Clinical, virologic, and immunologic consequences","volume":"19","author":"Mata","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care Stds"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"15035","article-title":"HIV infection","volume":"1","author":"Deeks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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