{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T03:18:01Z","timestamp":1776741481173,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the efficacy of the TOF-SIMS (time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) technique for the comprehensive lipidomic analysis of human meibum, a lipid-rich secretion essential for tear film stability, using samples collected from ten participants. The applied methodology proved effective in characterizing the complex chemistry of meibum, confirming the presence of diverse lipid classes, including fatty acids, sterols, and glycerolipids. Multivariate and pairwise statistical analyses, including permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and maximum mean discrepancy (MMD),confirmed the significant compositional difference between the two groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear separation between the samples, driven primarily by an elevated ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids (C18:1, C16:1) to cholesterol in the group with MGD compared to healthy controls. These findings demonstrate the utility of TOF-SIMS coupled with multivariate analysis for detecting disease-specific molecular alterations in meibum, highlighting its potential for differentiating ocular surface pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T17:09:41Z","timestamp":1770311381000},"page":"1590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Composition of Human Meibomian Gland Secretions: Insights from TOF-SIMS Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1811-3033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Balin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Che\u0142kowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pu\u0142ku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"W\u0119glarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, District Railway Hospital, Panewnicka 65, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pu\u0142ku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Dobiczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, \u0141ojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0520-9589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Tarnawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, District Railway Hospital, Panewnicka 65, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pu\u0142ku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"Meibomian Gland Studies: Histologic and Ultrastructural Investigations","volume":"20","author":"Jester","year":"1981","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997c","article-title":"The International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Report of the Subcommittee on Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Meibomian Gland","volume":"52","author":"Knop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199701000-00014","article-title":"Importance of the Lipid Layer in Human Tear Film Stability and Evaporation","volume":"74","author":"Craig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.09.019","article-title":"Functional Aspects of the Tear Film Lipid Layer","volume":"78","author":"Bron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-006-9105-9","article-title":"The Effect of the Lipid Layer on Tear Film Behavior","volume":"68","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.03.006","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report","volume":"15","author":"Willcox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31643-X","article-title":"Ocular Evaporation in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Dry Eye","volume":"100","author":"Mathers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100100054027","article-title":"Ocular Surface Changes and Discomfort in Patients with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","volume":"113","author":"Shimazaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70139-8","article-title":"Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Clinical Scheme for Description, Diagnosis, Classification, and Grading","volume":"1","author":"Foulks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997f","article-title":"The International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Report of the Diagnosis Subcommittee","volume":"52","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997a","article-title":"The International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Executive Summary","volume":"52","author":"Nichols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111808","article-title":"Identification of Meibomian Gland Testosterone Metabolites Produced by Tissue-Intrinsic Intracrine Deactivation Activity","volume":"28","author":"Miyake","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2024.0063","article-title":"Changes in Human Meibum Lipid Composition Related to the Presence and Severity of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","volume":"40","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.02.005","article-title":"Linoleic Acid Content of Human Meibum Is Associated with Telangiectasia and Plugging of Gland Orifices in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","volume":"145","author":"Arita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108713","article-title":"A Spectroscopic Approach to Measuring Meibum Lipid Composition and Conformation in Donors with Sj\u04e7gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"210","author":"Ewurum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108522","article-title":"Meibum Lipid Composition in Type 2 Diabetics with Dry Eye","volume":"206","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2019.01.003","article-title":"Lipidomic Analysis of Meibomian Gland Secretions from the Tree Shrew: Identification of Candidate Tear Lipids Critical for Reducing Evaporation","volume":"220","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou, S., Jeyalatha, M.V., Mao, Y., Wang, J., Chen, C., Zhang, M., Liu, X., Liang, M., Lin, S., and Wu, Y. (2022). The Role of Ectodysplasin A on the Ocular Surface Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415700"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Butovich, I.A., Garreis, F., Zahn, I., Scholz, M., Gaffling, S., Jabari, S., Dietrich, J., and Paulsen, F. (2024). Comparative Characterization of Human Meibomian Glands, Free Sebaceous Glands, and Hair-Associated Sebaceous Glands Based on Biomarkers, Analysis of Secretion Composition, and Gland Morphology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063109"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137635","article-title":"Identification of Microplastics in Human Tear Fluid and Meibum: Implications for Dry Eye Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71259-5","article-title":"Comprehensive Profiling of Asian and Caucasian Meibomian Gland Secretions Reveals Similar Lipidomic Signatures Regardless of Ethnicity","volume":"10","author":"Butovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2021.105088","article-title":"A Spectroscopic Study of the Composition and Conformation of Cholesteryl and Wax Esters Purified from Meibum","volume":"238","author":"Ewurum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.06.020","article-title":"Meibomian Glands, Meibum, and Meibogenesis","volume":"163","author":"Butovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4102\/aveh.v72i2.50","article-title":"Lipid Composition of Human Meibum","volume":"72","author":"Schnetler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. Vis. Eye Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.07.002","article-title":"The Meibomian Puzzle: Combining Pieces Together","volume":"28","author":"Butovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2011.03.003","article-title":"Lipidomics of Human Meibomian Gland Secretions: Chemistry, Biophysics, and Physiological Role of Meibomian Lipids","volume":"50","author":"Butovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D700035-JLR200","article-title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Sebum Lipid Components with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance","volume":"49","author":"Robosky","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.12.005","article-title":"Human Meibum Chain Branching Variability with Age, Gender and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"Borchman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318214ac0f","article-title":"Examination of Human Meibum Collection and Extraction Techniques","volume":"88","author":"Haworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1410-5_11","article-title":"Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Meibomian Gland Lipids","volume":"2306","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Queiruga, J., Pena-Verdeal, H., Sabucedo-Villamarin, B., Paz-Tarrio, M., Guitian-Fernandez, E., Garcia-Resua, C., Yebra-Pimentel, E., and Giraldez, M.J. (2024). Meibum Lipidomic Analysis in Evaporative Dry Eye Subjects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094782"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700237-JLR200","article-title":"Lipids of Human Meibum: Mass-Spectrometric Analysis and Structural Elucidation","volume":"48","author":"Butovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000133995.99520.1f","article-title":"Meibomianitis: Polar Lipid Abnormalities","volume":"23","author":"Shine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.26.2.89.14515","article-title":"Polar Lipids in Human Meibomian Gland Secretions","volume":"26","author":"Shine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3109\/02713680903122029","article-title":"Characterization of Human Meibum Lipid Using Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"34","author":"Oshima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1889","article-title":"On the Lipid Composition of Human Meibum and Tears: Comparative Analysis of Nonpolar Lipids","volume":"49","author":"Butovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"144","article-title":"Applicability of TOF-SIMS for the Assessment of Lipid Composition of Cell Membrane Structures","volume":"11","author":"Gulin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Suppl. Ser. A Membr. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32797","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32797","article-title":"Food-Induced Changes of Lipids in Rat Neuronal Tissue Visualized by ToF-SIMS Imaging","volume":"6","author":"Jennische","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.110235","article-title":"A ToF-SIMS Methodology for Analyzing Inter-Tissue Lipid Distribution Variations and Intra-Tissue Multilevel Mass Spectrometry Imaging within a Single Rat","volume":"200","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11077","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11077","article-title":"Multi-Dimensional TOF-SIMS Analysis for Effective Profiling of Disease-Related Ions from the Tissue Surface","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1179\/1743284714Y.0000000648","article-title":"ToF-SIMS as a Tool for Profiling Lipids in Cancer and Other Diseases","volume":"31","author":"Denbigh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2006.09.027","article-title":"MALDI-TOF and Cluster-TOF-SIMS Imaging of Fabry Disease Biomarkers","volume":"260","author":"Touboul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00195610","article-title":"TOF-SIMS Analysis of Exhaled Particles from Patients with Asthma and Healthy Controls","volume":"39","author":"Almstrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.13182","article-title":"ToF-SIMS Imaging Reveals Changes in Tumor Cell Lipids during Metastatic Progression of Melanoma","volume":"37","author":"Zaar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.12.35","article-title":"Alteration of Meibum Lipidomics Profiling in Patients With Chronic Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease","volume":"64","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.10.003","article-title":"Alteration in Meibum Lipid Composition and Subjective Symptoms Due to Aging and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","volume":"26","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.10.22","article-title":"Relationship between human meibum lipid composition and the severity of meibomian gland dysfunction: A spectroscopic analysis","volume":"64","author":"Nagar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"713","article-title":"Latest Developments on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management","volume":"81","author":"Mathebula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr. Vis. Eye Heal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.08.007","article-title":"Management of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Review","volume":"65","author":"Sabeti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.07.009","article-title":"Thermal Pulsation in the Management of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Dry Eye: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","volume":"130","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1257035100","article-title":"New Effect Size Rules of Thumb","volume":"8","author":"Sawilowsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam, S.M., Tong, L., Yong, S.S., Li, B., Chaurasia, S.S., Shui, G., and Wenk, M.R. (2011). Meibum Lipid Composition in Asians with Dry Eye Disease. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024339"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70309-9","article-title":"Historical Brief on Composition of Human Meibum Lipids","volume":"7","author":"Wojtowicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou, S., Zhang, L., Wu, Y., Yang, D., Jiang, N., Mao, T., Zheng, X., Gu, H., and Zhang, L. (2025). Alterations in the Composition of Meibomian Gland Secretions in Patients with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Based on Raman Spectroscopy. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1717118"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16254","article-title":"Meibum Color and Free Fatty Acid Composition in Patients With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"Arita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26390","article-title":"Cyclic Change of Fatty Acid Composition in Meibum during the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"60","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20811","article-title":"Meibomian Gland Physiology in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women","volume":"58","author":"Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fearn, S. (2015). An Introduction to Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and Its Application to Materials Science, Morgan & Claypool Publishers.","DOI":"10.1088\/978-1-6817-4088-1"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"32","article-title":"A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"723","article-title":"A Kernel Two-Sample Test","volume":"25","author":"Gretton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"28","article-title":"The Generalization of Student\u2019s Problem when Several Different Population Variances are Involved","volume":"34","author":"Welch","year":"1947","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routhledge."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440109462720","article-title":"On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space","volume":"2","author":"Pearson","year":"1901","journal-title":"Lond. Edinb. Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"801","article-title":"Sur la division des corps mat\u00e9riels en parties","volume":"4","author":"Steinhaus","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bull. L\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Pol. Des Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/3\/1590\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T05:23:52Z","timestamp":1770873832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/3\/1590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27031590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27031590","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]}}}