{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:36:52Z","timestamp":1792517812920,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BIOENUTRA S.r.l.","award":["Title of the grant \u201cStudio finalizzato all\u2019identificazione di matrici vegetali aventi propriet\u00e0 nutraceutiche: focus su polifenoli ed isotiocianti\u201d repertorio 33 Uprot 3088 29\/05\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Title of the grant \u201cStudio finalizzato all\u2019identificazione di matrici vegetali aventi propriet\u00e0 nutraceutiche: focus su polifenoli ed isotiocianti\u201d repertorio 33 Uprot 3088 29\/05\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global burden of genitourinary diseases is increasing worldwide, highlighting the need to identify new approaches for their prevention and treatment. In this context, polyphenols, isothiocyanates derived from plants of the Brassicaceae and Moringaceae botanical families, along with their natural sources, represent promising strategies, as they exhibit several health-promoting properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. However, a comprehensive overview of their benefits in the genitourinary system is currently unavailable. In this paper, we performed a systematic review of the literature by searching two scientific databases (MEDLINE and Scopus). A total of 27 preclinical studies and 16 clinical studies were included. Many studies have investigated the efficacy of isolated polyphenols in animal models of genitourinary diseases, as well as extracts or foods typically rich in polyphenols in humans, demonstrating potential benefits in the management of lithiasis, hyperoxaluria, prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, glomerulonephritis, vaginal dysbiosis, vaginosis, cystitis, and urinary tract infections. In contrast, few studies have examined isolated isothiocyanates, probably because their pharmacological role has only recently been recognized, and the results have been inconsistent. Further high-quality research is needed to confirm the preliminary evidence on polyphenols and to clarify the biological effects of isothiocyanates and their natural sources in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T08:15:54Z","timestamp":1770624954000},"page":"1660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Potential Efficacy of Polyphenols and Isothiocyanates in the Management of Genitourinary Diseases: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6558-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Piragine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center \u201cNutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute\u201d, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOENUTRA Srl, IV Traversa dx S.P. Bandiera, 74013 Ginosa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Scarpulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOENUTRA Srl, IV Traversa dx S.P. Bandiera, 74013 Ginosa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Calderone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center \u201cNutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute\u201d, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2090-7107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alma","family":"Martelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center \u201cNutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute\u201d, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12164","article-title":"Comorbidities and personal burden of urgency urinary incontinence:A systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Coyne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20079","article-title":"Costs of managing urinary and faecal incontinence in a sub-acute care facility: A \u201cbottom-up\u201d approach","volume":"24","author":"Morris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.08.040","article-title":"Noncancerous genitourinary conditions as a public health priority: Conceptualizing the hidden burden","volume":"166","author":"Brady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002527","article-title":"Burden disparities of genitourinary diseases among adults aged 55 and older in Europe: Trends from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2030: A cross-sectional study","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginkel, C.V., Martens, F., Scholtes, M., Heesakkers, J., and Janssen, D.A.W. (2024). Quality of life and treatment modalities in patients with interstitial cystitis: The patients\u2019 perspective. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12040466"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Ryu, J.M., and Lee, M. (2020). Quality of life in older adults with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Healthcare, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8020158"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25426","article-title":"Evaluating the quality of life impact of recurrent urinary tract infection: Validation and refinement of the Recurrent UTI Impact Questionnaire (RUTIIQ)","volume":"43","author":"Newlands","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32836214b9","article-title":"Nephrolithiasis and loss of kidney function","volume":"22","author":"Keddis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadi5578","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adi5578","article-title":"Recurrent infections drive persistent bladder dysfunction and pain via sensory nerve sprouting and mast cell activity","volume":"9","author":"Hayes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002495","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002495","article-title":"Acute cystitis and subsequent risk of urogenital cancer: A national cohort study from Sweden","volume":"3","author":"Jansaker","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3493","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003493","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia and the risk of prostate cancer and bladder cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"95","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12127","article-title":"Urinary tract infection increases subsequent urinary tract cancer risk: A population-based cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"373","article-title":"Etiology and bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics in patients with recurrent lower urinary tract infections","volume":"130","author":"Juralowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1344","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae233","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of urinary tract infection recurrences in a large integrated US healthcare system","volume":"230","author":"Ku","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagoskina, N.V., Zubova, M.Y., Nechaeva, T.L., Kazantseva, V.V., Goncharuk, E.A., Katanskaya, V.M., Baranova, E.N., and Aksenova, M.A. (2023). Polyphenols in plants: Structure, biosynthesis, abiotic stress regulation, and practical applications (Review). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813874"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabil-Adam, A., Ashour, M.L., Tamer, T.M., Shreadah, M.A., and Hassan, M.A. (2023). Interaction of Jania rubens polyphenolic extract as an antidiabetic agent with \u03b1-amylase, lipase, and trypsin: In vitro evaluations and in silico studies. Catalysts, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13020443"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110714","article-title":"Pleotropic effects of polyphenols in cardiovascular system","volume":"130","author":"Behl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4650207","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4650207","article-title":"The Citrus flavonoid naringenin protects the myocardium from ageing-dependent dysfunction: Potential role of SIRT1","volume":"2020","author":"Testai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, S., Luo, J., Zhu, Y., An, P., Luo, Y., and Xing, Q. (2024). The effect of antioxidant polyphenol supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234206"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112495","article-title":"The Citrus flavanone naringenin prolongs the lifespan in C. elegans and slows signs of brain aging in mice","volume":"194","author":"Piragine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.108013","article-title":"Polyphenols and neuroprotection: Therapeutic implications for cognitive decline","volume":"232","author":"Caruso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrillo, J.A., Arcusa, R., Xandri-Martinez, R., Cerda, B., Zafrilla, P., and Marhuenda, J. (2025). Impact of polyphenol-rich nutraceuticals on cognitive function and neuroprotective biomarkers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040601"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100346","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols as potential therapeutic agents in type 2 diabetes management: Advances and opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Barik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flori, L., Piragine, E., Spezzini, J., Citi, V., Calderone, V., and Martelli, A. (2023). Influence of polyphenols on adipose tissue: Sirtuins as pivotal players in the browning process. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119276"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccellino, M., and D\u2019Angelo, S. (2020). Anti-obesity effects of polyphenol intake: Current status and future possibilities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165642"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdou, H.M., Elmageed, G.M.A., Hussein, H.K., Yamari, I., Chtita, S., El-Samad, L.M., and Hassan, M.A. (2025). Antidiabetic effects of quercetin and silk sericin in attenuating dysregulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic rats through potential modulation of PI3K\/Akt\/FOXO1 signaling: In vivo and in silico studies. J. Xenobiot., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15010016"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singaravelan, N., and Tollefsbol, T.O. (2025). Polyphenol-based prevention and treatment of cancer through epigenetic and combinatorial mechanisms. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040616"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, Z.S.O., Khan, E., Elias, N., Elshebiny, A., and Dou, Q. (2025). Updated review on natural polyphenols: Molecular mechanisms, biological effects, and clinical applications for cancer management. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15050629"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6419","article-title":"Polyphenols: A concise overview on the chemistry, occurrence, and human health","volume":"33","author":"Durazzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13426","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.13426","article-title":"Impact of thermal processing on polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and ascorbic acid in fruit and vegetables and their cardiovascular benefits","volume":"23","author":"Narra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhan, M., and Rizvi, A. (2023). The pharmacological properties of red grape polyphenol resveratrol: Clinical trials and obstacles in drug development. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204486"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wijekoon, C., Netticadan, T., Siow, Y.L., Sabra, A., Yu, L., Raj, P., and Prashar, S. (2022). Potential associations among bioactive molecules, antioxidant activity and resveratrol production in Vitis vinifera fruits of North America. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020336"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Springer, M., and Moco, S. (2019). Resveratrol and its human metabolites-effects on metabolic health and obesity. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010143"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Mishra, A.P., Nigam, M., Sener, B., Kilic, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Fokou, P.V.T., Martins, N., and Sharifi-Rad, J. (2018). Resveratrol: A double-edged sword in health benefits. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6030091"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2410.10006","article-title":"A comprehensive review of naringenin, a promising phytochemical with therapeutic potential","volume":"34","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11849","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01818","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of quercetin: New insights and perspectives for human health","volume":"5","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00240-9","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate therapeutic potential in human diseases: Molecular mechanisms and clinical studies","volume":"5","author":"Alam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martelli, A., Flori, L., Gorica, E., Piragine, E., Saviano, A., Annunziata, G., Di Minno, M.N.D., Ciampaglia, R., Calcaterra, I., and Maione, F. (2021). Vascular effects of the polyphenolic nutraceutical supplement Taurisolo\u00ae: Focus on the protection of the endothelial function. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051540"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter, C.K., Skulas-Ray, A.C., Gaugler, T.L., Meily, S., Petersen, K.S., and Kris-Etherton, P.M. (2021). Effects of cranberry juice supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with elevated blood pressure: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082618"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.01.002","article-title":"Efficacy of dietary polyphenols from whole foods and purified food polyphenol extracts in optimizing cardiometabolic health: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Kiyimba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy380","article-title":"Blueberries improve biomarkers of cardiometabolic function in participants with metabolic syndrome-results from a 6-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"109","author":"Curtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelino, D., Dosz, E.B., Sun, J., Hoeflinger, J.L., Van Tassell, M.L., Chen, P., Harnly, J.M., Miller, M.J., and Jeffery, E.H. (2015). Myrosinase-dependent and -independent formation and control of isothiocyanate products of glucosinolate hydrolysis. Front. Plant Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00831"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14645","article-title":"Erucin exhibits vasorelaxing effects and antihypertensive activity by H2S-releasing properties","volume":"177","author":"Martelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118238","article-title":"The H2S-donor Erucin modulates SIRT1 and rescues obesity-induced vascular dysfunction in human vessels","volume":"189","author":"Gorica","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciccone, V., Piragine, E., Gorica, E., Citi, V., Testai, L., Pagnotta, E., Matteo, R., Pecchioni, N., Montanaro, R., and Di Cesare Mannelli, L. (2022). Anti-inflammatory effect of the natural H2S-donor erucin in vascular endothelium. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415593"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.012","article-title":"Sulforaphane protects from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion damage through the balanced activation of Nrf2\/AhR","volume":"143","author":"Pavon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171110","article-title":"Sulforaphane inhibits the generation of amyloid-beta oligomer and promotes spatial learning and memory in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (PS1V97L) transgenic mice","volume":"62","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800240","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800240","article-title":"Sulforaphane upregulates the heat shock protein co-chaperone CHIP and clears amyloid-beta and tau in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahid, A., and Bhatia, M. (2024). Hydrogen sulfide: A versatile molecule and therapeutic target in health and diseases. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091145"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2025.138405","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide protects against hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in aged rats with postoperative cognitive dysfunction by promoting m6A methylation","volume":"868","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, L.L., Qin, M., Liu, X.H., and Zhu, Y.Z. (2017). The role of hydrogen sulfide on cardiovascular homeostasis: An overview with update on immunomodulation. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00686"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piragine, E., Malanima, M.A., Lucenteforte, E., Martelli, A., and Calderone, V. (2023). Circulating levels of hydrogen sulfide H2S in patients with age-related diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13071023"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6278","article-title":"Anticancer properties of erucin, an H2S-releasing isothiocyanate, on human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (AsPC-1)","volume":"33","author":"Citi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.12.021","article-title":"Dietary isothiocyanates inhibit cancer progression by modulation of epigenome","volume":"83","author":"Sundaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00439-5","article-title":"Sulforaphane bioavailability and effects on blood pressure in women with pregnancy hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6923","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) system by dietary (H2S)-donors: A novel promising strategy in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"35","author":"Piragine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01373-z","article-title":"A mechanistic overview of sulforaphane and its derivatives application in diabetes and its complications","volume":"31","author":"Mohamadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bello, I., Smimmo, M., d\u2019Emmanuele di Villa Bianca, R., Bucci, M., Cirino, G., Panza, E., and Brancaleone, V. (2023). Erucin, an (H2S)-releasing isothiocyanate, exerts anticancer effects in human triple-negative breast cancer cells triggering autophagy-dependent apoptotic cell death. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076764"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7479","article-title":"Cardiovascular benefits of Eruca sativa mill. defatted seed meal extract: Potential role of hydrogen sulfide","volume":"36","author":"Testai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J., Jang, Y., Paik, H.G., Ha, M.H., and Kwon, J. (2025). Gastroprotective effects of aqueous extracts of broccoli stems on acute injury in rats: A comprehensive evaluation of gastric function and inflammatory responses. Medicina, 61.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61010089"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710856","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/710856","article-title":"Examination of the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and xenobiotic-inducing potential of broccoli extract and various essential oils during a mild DSS-induced colitis in rats","volume":"2013","author":"Mueller","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106519","article-title":"Potential effects of Alliaceae and Brassicaceae edible plants on blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"185","author":"Piragine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-13-64","article-title":"A comparative study of broccoli sprouts powder and standard triple therapy on cardiovascular risk factors following H.pylori eradication: A randomized clinical trial in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Mirmiran","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8350","article-title":"Alliaceae versus Brassicaceae for dyslipidemia: State of the art and future perspectives. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies","volume":"38","author":"Piragine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M., Rahaman, M.S., Islam, M.R., Rahman, F., Mithi, F.M., Alqahtani, T., Almikhlafi, M.A., Alghamdi, S.Q., Alruwaili, A.S., and Hossain, M.S. (2021). Role of phenolic compounds in human disease: Current knowledge and future prospects. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010233"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olayanju, J.B., Bozic, D., Naidoo, U., and Sadik, O.A. (2024). A comparative review of key isothiocyanates and their health benefits. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060757"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rossi, L., Rocchetti, G., Lucini, L., and Rebecchi, A. (2025). Antimicrobial potential of polyphenols: Mechanisms of action and microbial responses\u2014A narrative review. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14020200"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romeo, L., Iori, R., Rollin, P., Bramanti, P., and Mazzon, E. (2018). Isothiocyanates: An overview of their antimicrobial activity against human infections. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030624"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Elrashidy, R.A., Li, B., and Liu, G. (2022). Oxidative stress: A putative link between lower urinary tract symptoms and aging and major chronic diseases. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.812967"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Lan, M., Yang, J., Xia, Y., Han, L., Zhang, L., and Fang, Y. (2025). Targeting modifiable risks: Molecular mechanisms and population burden of lifestyle factors on male genitourinary health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199698"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuma, A., and Kato, A. (2022). Lifestyle-related risk factors for the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease in the healthy young and middle-aged population. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183787"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y., Liu, Z., and Chen, T. (2021). Role of vaginal microbiota dysbiosis in gynecological diseases and the potential interventions. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.643422"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruta, F., Pribac, M., Mardale, E., Suciu, S., Maior, R., Bogdan, S., and Avram, C. (2024). Associations between gut microbiota dysbiosis and other risk factors in women with a history of urinary tract infections. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111753"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0266-4","article-title":"Old and new models for the study of human ageing","volume":"21","author":"Brunet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-023-10005-4","article-title":"Bridging mouse and human anatomies; A knowledge-based approach to comparative anatomy for disease model phenotyping","volume":"34","author":"Ruberte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2174\/1570163813666160114093140","article-title":"From in vitro experiments to in vivo and clinical studies; Pros and cons","volume":"12","author":"Saeidnia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Discov. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2013A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22502","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22502","article-title":"Protocatechuic acid ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia through the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress in castrated rats","volume":"34","author":"Akanni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.12.009","article-title":"Obesity-induced mouse benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is improved by treatment with resveratrol: Implication of oxidative stress, insulin sensitivity and neuronal growth factor","volume":"55","author":"Calmasini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.75462","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of rutin and curcumin on experimentally-induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats","volume":"2","author":"Ghodasara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813737","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/813737","article-title":"Effects of polyphenols from grape seeds on renal lithiasis","volume":"2015","author":"Grases","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzel, A., Yunusoglu, S., Calapoglu, M., Candan, I.A., Onaran, I., Oncu, M., Ergun, O., and Oksay, T. (2021). Protective effects of quercetin on oxidative stress-induced tubular epithelial damage in the experimental rat hyperoxaluria model. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57060566"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.017","article-title":"Resveratrol improved detrusor fibrosis induced by mast cells during progression of chronic prostatitis in rats","volume":"815","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(13)71078-8","article-title":"Anti-nephrolithic potential of resveratrol via inhibition of ROS, MCP-1, hyaluronan and osteopontin in vitro and in vivo","volume":"65","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.186215","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of nephroprotective potential of resveratrol and piperine on nephrotic BALB\/c mice","volume":"48","author":"Kakalij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2009.50.3.391","article-title":"Preventive effects of oligomerized polyphenol on estradiol-induced prostatitis in rats","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitamura, N., Yamamoto, Y., Yamamoto, N., and Murase, T. (2023). Rosmarinic acid ameliorates HCl-induced cystitis in rats. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288813"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-023-00393-0","article-title":"Boosting inhibition performance of natural polyphenols for the prevention of calcium oxalate kidney stones through synergistic cooperativity","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and quercetin on renal stone formation in rats","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05903","article-title":"Modulation of rat kidney stone crystallization and the relative oxidative stress pathway by green tea polyphenol","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-017-1534-x","article-title":"Protective impact of resveratrol in experimental rat model of hyperoxaluria","volume":"49","author":"Oksay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.121","article-title":"The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates experimental immune-mediated glomerulonephritis","volume":"80","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14004","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14004","article-title":"Resveratrol could attenuate prostatic inflammation in rats with oestradiol-induced chronic prostatitis","volume":"53","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-022-01757-3","article-title":"Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy combined with resveratrol derivative alleviates chronic nonbacterial prostatitis in rats","volume":"46","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327119889655","article-title":"Protective role of diosmin against testosterone propionate-induced prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats: Plausible role of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"39","author":"Vafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-017-0982-1","article-title":"Protective effect of dietary polyphenol caffeic acid on ethylene glycol-induced kidney stones in rats","volume":"46","author":"Yasir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, T., Zhen, J., Du, Y., Zhou, J.K., Peng, A., Vaziri, N.D., Mohan, C., Xu, Y., and Zhou, X.J. (2015). Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate restores Nrf2 activity and ameliorates crescentic glomerulonephritis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119543"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6721","article-title":"Resveratrol improves urinary dysfunction in rats with chronic prostatitis and suppresses the activity of the stem cell factor\/c-Kit signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"918","article-title":"Resveratrol improves prostate fibrosis during progression of urinary dysfunction in chronic prostatitis by mast cell suppression","volume":"17","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Wang, J., Wang, X., Yan, Z., Meng, L., and Zhang, Y. (2025). Pterostilbene reduces cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis by facilitating Nrf2 activation and suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125490"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.08.038","article-title":"Potential ameliorative effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia and fibrosis in rats","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20472","article-title":"Modulating testosterone stimulated prostate growth by phenethyl isothiocyanate via Sp1 and androgen receptor down-regulation","volume":"67","author":"Beklemisheva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118153","article-title":"Sulforaphane suppresses obesity-related glomerulopathy-induced damage by enhancing autophagy via Nrf2","volume":"258","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1159\/000485880","article-title":"Sulforaphane treatment of stress urinary incontinence via the Nrf2-ARE pathway in a rat model","volume":"44","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.76","article-title":"Impact of cranberry juice consumption on gut and vaginal microbiota in postmenopausal women","volume":"2","author":"Marasini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2021.1908480","article-title":"Differences in urinary bacterial anti-adhesion activity after intake of cranberry dietary supplements with soluble versus insoluble proanthocyanidins","volume":"19","author":"Howell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.03.006","article-title":"Consumption of cranberry beverage improved endogenous antioxidant status and protected against bacteria adhesion in healthy humans: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Mathison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.08.009","article-title":"Phenolic acid content and antiadherence activity in the urine of patients treated with cranberry syrup (Vaccinium macrocarpon) vs. trimethoprim for recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"18","author":"Uberos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02684-3","article-title":"Improvement of urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in benign prostate hyperplasia patients associated with consumption of a newly developed whole tomato-based food supplement: A phase II prospective, randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Cormio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.11.016","article-title":"Influence of equol and resveratrol supplementation on health-related quality of life in menopausal women: A randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"96","author":"Davinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20231788","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20231788","article-title":"Effect of Cymbopogon olivieri-based herbal vaginal product on bacterial vaginosis","volume":"70","author":"Esmaili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.06.010","article-title":"The beneficial effect of Indonesian propolis wax from Tetragonula sp. as a therapy in limited vaginal candidiasis patients","volume":"27","author":"Farida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noce, A., Di Daniele, F., Campo, M., Di Lauro, M., Pietroboni Zaitseva, A., Di Daniele, N., Marrone, G., and Romani, A. (2021). Effect of hydrolysable tannins and anthocyanins on recurrent urinary tract infections in nephropathic patients: Preliminary data. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020591"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-015-0855-4","article-title":"Do teas rich in antioxidants reduce the physicochemical and peroxidative risk factors for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in humans? Pilot studies with Rooibos herbal tea and Japanese green tea","volume":"44","author":"Rodgers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-014-0686-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress and nephrolithiasis: A comparative pilot study evaluating the effect of pomegranate extract on stone risk factors and elevated oxidative stress levels of recurrent stone formers and controls","volume":"42","author":"Tracy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"7427","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral administration of a product based on hydroxytyrosol as preventive therapy for recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidosis: A prospective observational pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Zullo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28282","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28282","article-title":"The use of green tea polyphenols for treating residual albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy: A double-blind randomised clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Borges","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23006","article-title":"Resveratrol reduces the levels of circulating androgen precursors but has no effect on testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, PSA levels or prostate volume. A 4-month randomised trial in middle-aged men","volume":"75","author":"Kjaer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.44443","article-title":"Resveratrol reduces inflammation-related prostate fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Vicari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-139","article-title":"Consumption of sweetened, dried cranberries may reduce urinary tract infection incidence in susceptible women\u2013A modified observational study","volume":"12","author":"Burleigh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2766","article-title":"Phenolics with bactericidal activity alter motility and biofilm formation in enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli","volume":"17","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-05009-0","article-title":"3-Hydroxybenzoic acid inhibits the virulence attributes and disrupts biofilm production in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"44","author":"Pathoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-019-00737-7","article-title":"Fruit physical features, phenolic compounds profile and inhibition activities of cranberry cultivars (Vaccinium macrocarpon) compared to wild-grown cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus)","volume":"74","author":"Narwojsz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376930","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2024.2376930","article-title":"The importance of paraoxonase 1 activity in chronic kidney disease","volume":"46","author":"Samouilidou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S165173","article-title":"Paraoxonase (PON)-1: A brief overview on genetics, structure, polymorphisms and clinical relevance","volume":"14","author":"Shunmoogam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/4\/1660\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T05:18:56Z","timestamp":1770873536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/4\/1660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27041660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27041660","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]}}}