{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:56:25Z","timestamp":1770814585681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase subunits are differentially expressed in multiple tumor types, suggesting their role as a cancer type-dependent metabolic target. However, information on the expression of SDH subunits in breast cancer (BC), particularly in South Asian populations, remains scarce. So, we analyze the expression profile of all four SDH subunits in breast cancer patients from Bangladesh. qRT-PCR was carried out to analyze the mRNA expression of four SDH subunits in Luminal A, Luminal B, Her2+, and triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and the results were compared with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. All four succinate dehydrogenase subunits were significantly upregulated in tumor tissues when compared to controls and showed an alignment with the TCGA except SDHD, which was significantly downregulated in TCGA. Subtype-specific analysis demonstrated differential expression patterns. SDHD upregulation has also been connected to worse outcomes for patients which indicates its role in cancer progression. Furthermore, we found a significant upregulation of METTL3 in our patient cohort. Taken together, the elevated SDHD and METTL3 expression suggests a potential epigenetic mechanism-driven SDHD activation, highlighting its previously unreported role in breast cancer biology and revealing a distinct pattern of SDH dysregulation in the Bangladeshi breast cancer population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:15:12Z","timestamp":1770801312000},"page":"1722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Altered Expression of Mitochondrial Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit D Influences Breast Cancer Progression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3477-5747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannatul","family":"Aklima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"},{"name":"EuGEF Research Foundation, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Israt","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"},{"name":"EuGEF Research Foundation, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khadiza","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"},{"name":"EuGEF Research Foundation, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"},{"name":"EuGEF Research Foundation, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanjida Akter","family":"Touse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"},{"name":"EuGEF Research Foundation, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shakera","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram 4203, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramendu","family":"Parial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"},{"name":"EuGEF Research Foundation, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1795-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunanda","family":"Baidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"},{"name":"EuGEF Research Foundation, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abu Shadat Mohammod","family":"Noman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"},{"name":"EuGEF Research Foundation, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011502","article-title":"Mitochondrial quality control as a therapeutic target","volume":"68","author":"Suliman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0124-1","article-title":"The multifaceted contributions of mitochondria to cellular metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Spinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00058.2021","article-title":"Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging","volume":"103","author":"Harrington","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakhle, J., Rodriguez, A.M., and Vignais, M.L. (2020). Multifaceted roles of mitochondrial components and metabolites in metabolic diseases and cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124405"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02141-x","article-title":"Energy metabolism in health and diseases","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03200-7","article-title":"The assembly of succinate dehydrogenase: A key enzyme in bioenergetics","volume":"76","author":"Moosavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2024.101952","article-title":"SDHAF2 facilitates mitochondrial respiration through stabilizing succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase assemblies","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.04.013","article-title":"Regulation of succinate dehydrogenase and role of succinate in cancer","volume":"98","author":"Dando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.10.005","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolic alterations in cancer cells and related therapeutic targets","volume":"98","author":"Riganti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno, C., Santos, R.M., Burns, R., and Zhang, W.C. (2020). Succinate dehydrogenase and ribonucleic acid networks in cancer and other diseases. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113237"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2106947118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106947118","article-title":"Functional succinate dehydrogenase deficiency is a common adverse feature of clear cell renal cancer","volume":"118","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, B., Li, F., Zhang, Y., Gao, X., Wang, Y., and Zhou, H. (2023). The connection between tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme mutations and pseudohypoxic signaling in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1274239"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., and Lang, R. (2023). Succinate metabolism: A promising therapeutic target for inflammation, ischemia\/reperfusion injury and cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1266973"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s44178-024-00096-7","article-title":"Oncometabolites in cancer: From cancer cells to the tumor microenvironment","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Holist. Integr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteban-Amo, M.J., Jim\u00e9nez-Cuadrado, P., Serrano-Lorenzo, P., de la Fuente, M.\u00c1., and Simarro, M. (2024). Succinate dehydrogenase and human disease: Novel insights into a well-known enzyme. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12092050"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq206","article-title":"SDHA is a tumor suppressor gene causing paraganglioma","volume":"19","author":"Burnichon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2011.07.003","article-title":"SDH mutations in cancer","volume":"1807","author":"Bardella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R261","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0398","article-title":"Current views on cell metabolism in SDHx-related pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","volume":"21","author":"Vicha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nan, H., Guo, P., Fan, J., Zeng, W., Hu, C., Zheng, C., Pan, B., Cao, Y., Ge, Y., and Xue, X. (2023). Comprehensive analysis of the prognosis, tumor microenvironment, and immunotherapy response of SDHs in colon adenocarcinoma. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1093974"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-025-10022-w","article-title":"SDH-defective cancers: Molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-28082","article-title":"Elevated endogenous SDHA drives pathological metabolism in highly metastatic uveal melanoma","volume":"60","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Cybula, M., Rostworowska, M., Wang, L., Mucha, P., Bulicz, M., and Bieniasz, M. (2022). Upregulation of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA) contributes to enhanced bioenergetics of ovarian cancer cells and higher sensitivity to anti-metabolic agent Shikonin. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14205097"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.62347\/XAKQ8090","article-title":"Exploring the critical role of SDHA in breast cancer proliferation: Implications for novel therapeutic strategies","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03746-6","article-title":"Unveiling the hidden role of SDHA in breast cancer proliferation: A novel therapeutic avenue","volume":"25","author":"Yong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2025.100464","article-title":"Management succinate release through SDHA by G protein-coupled receptor 91 signal, TRAP1, and SIRT3 regulation in lung cancer cells by NAR nanoparticles","volume":"23","author":"Ragab","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Xu, Z., Jiang, J., Xu, T., Xu, J., and Liu, P. (2020). High expression of succinate dehydrogenase subunit a which is regulated by histone acetylation, acts as a good prognostic factor of multiple myeloma patients. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.563666"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Italiano, A., Chen, C.L., Sung, Y.S., Singer, S., DeMatteo, R.P., LaQuaglia, M.P., Besmer, P., Socci, N., and Antonescu, C.R. (2012). SDHA loss-of-function mutations in a subset of young adult wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors. BMC Cancer, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-408"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14977","article-title":"Single nucleotide variants of succinate dehydrogenase A gene in renal cell carcinoma","volume":"112","author":"Kamai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11187","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2062537","article-title":"Functional deficiency of succinate dehydrogenase promotes tumorigenesis and development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma through weakening of ferroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53398-9","article-title":"Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency-driven succinate accumulation induces drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia via ubiquitin-cullin regulation","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-299","article-title":"Succinate dehydrogenase expression in breast cancer","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2016.09.009","article-title":"SDHB deficiency promotes TGF\u03b2-mediated invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer through transcriptional repression complex SNAIL1-SMAD3\/4","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z., Sun, Q., Yang, H., and Zheng, J. (2021). SDHB suppresses the tumorigenesis and development of ccRCC by inhibiting glycolysis. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.639408"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00878-z","article-title":"Cancer-derived extracellular succinate: A driver of cancer metastasis","volume":"29","author":"Kuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115500","article-title":"Research progress on the pathogenesis of the SDHB mutation and related diseases","volume":"167","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21361-6","article-title":"Decreased succinate dehydrogenase B in human hepatocellular carcinoma accelerates tumor malignancy by inducing the Warburg effect","volume":"8","author":"Tseng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahn, S., D\u00e4nzer Barbosa, P., M\u00f6ller, J.L., Ammar, N., Demetrowitsch, T., Helm, O., Wesch, D., Sipos, B., R\u00f6cken, C., and Schwarz, K. (2019). Inflammation associated pancreatic tumorigenesis: Upregulation of succinate dehydrogenase (Subunit B) reduces cell growth of pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010042"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05361-x","article-title":"Deficiency of SDHC promotes metastasis by reprogramming fatty acid metabolism in colorectal cancer","volume":"22","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-019-0197-8","article-title":"Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with attenuation of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in breast cancer through reduced expression of SDHC","volume":"7","author":"Dyrstad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Reduced expression and loss of heterozygosity of the SDHD gene in colorectal and gastric cancer","volume":"10","author":"Habano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02111.x","article-title":"SDH mutations in tumorigenesis and inherited endocrine tumours: Lesson from the phaeochromocytoma\u2013paraganglioma syndromes","volume":"266","author":"Pasini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2012.06.004","article-title":"Dysregulation of glucose transport, glycolysis, TCA cycle and glutaminolysis by oncogenes and tumor suppressors in cancer cells","volume":"1826","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0229","article-title":"Sdhd ablation promotes thyroid tumorigenesis by inducing a stem-like phenotype","volume":"24","author":"Ashtekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rembia\u0142kowska, N., Rekiel, K., Urbanowicz, P., Mamala, M., Marczuk, K., Wojtaszek, M., \u017bywica, M., Radzevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117-Val\u010diuk\u0117, E., Novickij, V., and Kulbacka, J. (2025). Epigenetic dysregulation in cancer: Implications for gene expression and DNA repair-associated pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136531"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhang, S., and Wang, X. (2021). The metabolic mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.602416"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kannan, K., Srinivasan, A., Kannan, A., and Ali, N. (2025). The underlying mechanisms and emerging strategies to overcome resistance in breast cancer. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.2452.v1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2025.101521","article-title":"Landscape of Metabolic alterations and treatment strategies in breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02108-4","article-title":"Breast cancer: Pathogenesis and treatments","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40022-5","article-title":"Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic vulnerability of endocrine therapy and palbociclib-resistant metastatic breast cancers","volume":"14","author":"Morriset","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-3172","article-title":"Multistate gene cluster switches determine the adaptive mitochondrial and metabolic landscape of breast cancer","volume":"84","author":"Menegollo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-020-00180-x","article-title":"Breast cancer gene expression datasets do not reflect population-level disease","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59144-z","article-title":"The clinical and molecular landscape of breast cancer in women of African and South Asian ancestry","volume":"16","author":"Thorn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw5473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw5473","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming and cancer progression","volume":"368","author":"Faubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahe, M., Rios-Fuller, T.J., Karolin, A., and Schneider, R.J. (2023). Genetics of enzymatic dysfunctions in metabolic disorders and cancer. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1230934"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0666-1","article-title":"Metabolic gene alterations impact the clinical aggressiveness and drug responses of 32 human cancers","volume":"2","author":"Sinkala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T71","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0226","article-title":"15 years of paraganglioma: Genetics and mechanism of pheochromocytoma\u2013paraganglioma syndromes characterized by germline SDHB and SDHD mutations","volume":"22","author":"Baysal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74276-6","article-title":"Pan-cancer driver copy number alterations identified by joint expression\/CNA data analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14605-5","article-title":"Transcriptional effects of copy number alterations in a large set of human cancers","volume":"11","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-010-9402-1","article-title":"Recent advances in the genetics of SDH-related paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma","volume":"10","author":"Hensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"186","article-title":"SDHD gene mutations: Looking beyond head and neck tumors","volume":"4","author":"Kadiyala","year":"2018","journal-title":"AACE Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02602-z","article-title":"METTL3 regulates breast cancer-associated alternative splicing switches","volume":"42","author":"Achour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.11.018","article-title":"HBXIP-elevated methyltransferase METTL3 promotes the progression of breast cancer via inhibiting tumor suppressor let-7g","volume":"415","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2021.8114","article-title":"METTL3-mediated m6A modification of Bcl-2 mRNA promotes non-small cell lung cance progression","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-024-01869-8","article-title":"Functions of methyltransferase-like 3 in breast cancer: Pathogenesis, drug resistance, and therapeutic target","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2024.5674","article-title":"Functions and mechanisms of RNA m6A regulators in breast cancer (Review)","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00314-2","article-title":"The m6A modification in cancer: Roles, implications, and its potential in therapy","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.04.018","article-title":"SDH mutations establish a hypermethylator phenotype in paraganglioma","volume":"23","author":"Martinelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"72","article-title":"The emerging role of succinate dehyrogenase genes (SDHx) in tumorigenesis","volume":"13","author":"Nazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol.-Oncol. Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.07.018","article-title":"Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) deficiency, Carney triad and the epigenome","volume":"469","author":"Settas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2024.102693","article-title":"Global burden of lung cancer in 2022 and projections to 2050: Incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN","volume":"93","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v8i5.1827","article-title":"The role of chemotherapy in triple negative breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Almuradova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2021.1840984","article-title":"Triple-negative breast cancer: Prognostic biomarkers in development","volume":"21","author":"Sukumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-022-00468-0","article-title":"Triple-negative breast cancer: Pitfalls and progress","volume":"8","author":"Zagami","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"517","article-title":"Research advances and new challenges in overcoming triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Zong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-023-00361-0","article-title":"Integrating somatic CNV and gene expression in breast cancers from women with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Brewer","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0515-2","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing identifies recurrent copy number variations in invasive breast carcinomas from Ghana","volume":"33","author":"Anwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46124-9","article-title":"SDHC epi-mutation testing in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and related tumors in clinical practice","volume":"9","author":"Casey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R451","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-20-0346","article-title":"Epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of SDH-deficient paragangliomas","volume":"27","author":"Moog","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02907-x","article-title":"Chemotherapeutic resistance of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is mediated by EpCAM induction driven by IL-6\/p62-associated Nrf2-antioxidant pathway activation","volume":"11","author":"Noman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-019-0245-6","article-title":"Report of Clinico-pathological features of breast cancer in HIV-infected and uninfected women in Botswana","volume":"14","author":"Bhatia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758835920911229","DOI":"10.1177\/1758835920911229","article-title":"Widespread expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Nrf2 in patients treated with cisplatin predicts outcome in resected tumors and are potential therapeutic targets for HPV-negative head and neck cancer","volume":"12","author":"Noman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baidya, S., Barua, U., Shanto, M.R., Sonia, T.S., Amin, M.A., Sultana, S., Jerin, N., Jahan, K., Jahan, I., and Ahmed, S. (2025). METTL3-mediated activation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling promotes breast cancer progression. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1674339"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2013\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2022.01.001","article-title":"UALCAN: An update to the integrated cancer data analysis platform","volume":"25","author":"Chandrashekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-021-02478-x","article-title":"Prognosis and survival analysis of patients with pancreatic cancer: Retrospective experience of a single institution","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/4\/1722\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:19:52Z","timestamp":1770801592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/4\/1722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27041722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27041722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]}}}