{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:10:30Z","timestamp":1789053030731,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":436,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The metabolism of the four major substances\u2014glucose, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides\u2014constitutes the most prominent metabolic phenotype of schizophrenia. The pathological axis shared by these substances involves energy pathway imbalances, redox stress, immune-inflammatory activation, and abnormalities in neurotransmitter synthesis\/degradation. Existing research confirms that key metabolites within these pathways hold potential as biomarkers for diagnosis or progression monitoring. In recent years, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to improve psychotic symptoms while exerting broad regulatory effects on neurogenesis, immune homeostasis, and the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013target gland axis, though its precise mechanisms remain unclear. Recent studies indicate that ECT treatment can also regulate changes in brain and peripheral metabolism. We propose an integrated \u201cmetabolism-immunity-neuroendocrine\u201d hypothesis to systematically elucidate how metabolic reprogramming during ECT treatment cascades sequentially to the immune, neural, and endocrine systems, thereby revealing the molecular basis of its antipsychotic effects. Furthermore, we conduct a comparative analysis of the effects of antipsychotic drugs on the same metabolic network and explore the universality and specificity of metabolic regulation in other physical therapies (such as rTMS, tDCS) and psychiatric disorders like depression and bipolar disorder. This research aims to provide novel biomarkers and intervention targets for the precision diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:45:36Z","timestamp":1770831936000},"page":"1749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metabolic Mechanisms in Electroconvulsive Therapy for Schizophrenia: Role, Potential and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"MS21078COM5","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.MS21078COM5","article-title":"The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Schizophrenia","volume":"84","author":"Velligan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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